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Development And Application of Boron Nitride Ceramic Materials

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Boron nitride The crystal is a hexagonal crystal, similar in structure to graphite. Because of its performance similarities, it is often called “white Graphite”.
Boron Nitride is an excellent dielectric at high temperatures. It is a good heat dissipation and high temperature insulating material. Boron Nitride is chemically stable, and it can resist erosion of most molten metallic materials. It also has self-lubricating characteristics.

Boron nitride ceramics (BN) is a novel industrial material developed by the aerospace and electronic industries. It has many applications in production and industry.

Research on boron Nitride is currently focused primarily on the hexagonal phase of boron Nitride (hBN) and its cubic phase (cBN). Hexagonal Borosidria has good performance at high temperatures and is thermally conductive. Recent studies show that the hexagonal phases are also in thermodynamic equilibrium under normal conditions of temperature and pressure. It is still a primary raw material used to synthesize cubic boron-nitride. Cubic Boron Nitride is a synthetic material with many application possibilities.

As a rule, hexagonal boron-nitride is used in the high temperature/high pressure method. The excellent properties of cubic boran nitride have attracted many scientists to research the synthesis of cubic boran nitride. The number of new preparation methods is endless, and they are all moving towards a low temperature, low pressure, simple, and feasible direction. The synthesis and use of nano-boron nitride have been a hot topic in recent years due to the growth of nanotechnology as well as the expanding application fields of ceramics containing boron.

Hexagonal boran nitride has been called white graphite due to its similarity in crystal structure and physical and chemical properties, such as good thermal conductivity and lubricity. Hexagonal boran nitride can be used to make sintered ceramics. H-BN ceramics are used widely in a variety of fields, including high-temperature insulating components, metallurgy, aviation, and atomic energy. This is because they have high thermal conductivity as well a good electrical insulation. The superior performance of cubic boron-nitride makes it a popular raw material in the synthesis.

Ceramics containing boron-nitride exhibit excellent thermal stability, as well as dielectric properties. It is among the few compounds which can reach a temperature of decomposition. It exhibits excellent thermal and electric stability over a wide temperature spectrum. This type of ceramic is not currently used in the radome because it has low strength and hardness. It also has a high thermal conductivity.

In the field of materials science, boron is nitride is a highly preferred advanced ceramic material due to its superior mechanical characteristics. Due to the harsh conditions in the current synthesis, this has an impact on boron nitride’s application to some extent. This new synthesis method has been a major focus in the study of Boron Nitride. Select a reaction precursor with excellent thermodynamic properties and use them to reduce the temperature induced externally and the reaction temperature. This will allow you to control the product’s morphology better. Controlling the reaction conditions, and using the right reaction process, can affect the particle size as well as the product morphology.

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Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous Molecular Weight

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sodium sulfate anhydrous molecular weight is a white, monoclinic crystal or powder that can be dissolved in water and is also soluble in glycerol. It is used as a drying agent in organic synthesis and in the manufacture of paper, glass, and textiles. It is also an important raw material in the manufacturing of sodium sulfide, for removing moisture from organic solvent extracts during instrumental analysis (Kjeldahl nitrogen determination), and as a chemical reagent to prepare other sodium salts.

It is an essential ion in all living organisms, and the intracellular concentration of sulfate ions is regulated by sulfoconjugation(1). Sodium and sulfate ions are normally excreted from the body in the urine and feces.

Natural sodium sulfate is produced from the evaporation of brines and crystalline deposits in California and Texas, and it is a constituent of many saline lakes. It is also an ingredient in the production of glass and as a flux to remove small air bubbles from molten glass, and it assists with levelling, reducing negative charges on fibres so that dyes penetrate evenly.

The acute and chronic toxicity of sodium sulfate anhydrous was determined in diluted well water (hardness of 100 mg/L) by subcutaneous injection of the ion to a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia; 2-day and 7-day exposures), a midge (Chironomus dilutus; 4-day and 41-day exposures), a unionid mussel (pink mucket, Lampsilis abrupta; 4-day and 28-day exposures), and a fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas; 4-day and 34-day exposures). Both cladocerans and the mussel were more sensitive to sulfate than the minnow.

The Properties And Application of Titanium silicon carbide

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1. What is Ti3SiC2?
Titanium Silicon Carbide (Titanium SiC2) is a ceramic material that has all the properties of metal, including electrical conductivity, heat transmission, workability, plasticity, etc. Ti3SiC2 exhibits the characteristics of metal; it is relatively soft and has high elastic modulus, but also has good thermal and electrical conductivity. It can be processed like metal and is plastic even at high temperatures. The fact that it is self-lubricating and has a lower coefficient of friction is even more important.

2. Ti3SiC2 Ceramics: Main Properties

Ti3SiC2 has the properties of both ceramics and metals. High elastic modulus reflects the properties of ceramics with similar properties; high electrical conductivity reflects similarities in ceramics.

According to research on the damage resistance properties of Ti3SiC2, the sub-indentation shows that there is an extensive pseudoplastic area. Ti3SiC2 absorbs energy through multiple mechanisms, including diffusion microcracks. This material type also has excellent properties of self-lubrication. This material can be used as a high-temperature structure, brush, self-lubricating, heat-exchange, etc. Other ceramic materials have a relatively low hardness. They also have low wear resistance.

Thirdly, the application and use of Ti3SiC2 layer ceramic materials

(Biomedical Applications)
Material or components that are used in dentistry must not only be stable and resistant to long-term corrosion, but they also have to be workable and plastic. The biocompatibility of Ti3SiC2 allows it to be used in human tissue. Ti3SiC2 has the ability to be machined accurately into threads, without using lubricant. This allows it to be used for implants and restorations in clinical applications. Comparing Ti3SiC2 with zirconia, its elastic modulus (1.9x105MPa) is closer to enamel or dentin. This increases the potential of using it in porcelain dental crowns or post-propagating high temperature. Ti3SiC2 obtained by self-propagating heat has a porous texture, making it easier to organise and combine. Low coefficient of friction allows for increased sliding and reduced friction resistance in orthodontics. The material must have corrosion resistance and oxidation protection to maintain its stability in an oral environment. Both this material and powder porcelain are ceramic materials. This means that the bonding is likely to be stronger than with metal and porcelain. The porcelain crowns are therefore more versatile.

The current Ti3SiC2 methods of preparation must be improved in order to get a pure Ti3SiC2 and better understand its characteristics. The biocompatibility of the material and its clinical applicability still require further laboratory and clinic studies.

(2) Refractory materials

As rapid firing technology is promoted in the ceramics industry, kiln furnishings are used more frequently and under more difficult conditions. It is therefore necessary to improve the thermal resistance of kiln-furniture materials in order to meet the rapid fire technology of ceramic industry. Development requirements. Quality of kilns furniture is important as a type of advanced refractory materials. It has a great influence on the quality fired products. Thermal shock is not a problem for Ti3SiC2 and its unique layering structure and plasticity at high temperatures can help to reduce thermal stress. Thermal shock resistance can handle a temperature change of 900 degrees. The material’s residual strength after thermal shock is still 300MPa. Ti3SiC2 ceramics have the advantage of being chemically resistant, easy to process, and having a relatively low cost. This makes it an ideal material for kiln furnishings.

The excellent properties of spherical aluminum in terms of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties make it a popular choice for electronic semiconductor packaging.

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Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous Formula

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sodium sulfate anhydrous formula is the dry form of sodium sulfate, also known as Glauber’s salt, sal mirabilite and anhydrous sodium sulfate. It is a white, monoclinic crystal or powder that dissolves in water to form a neutral solution. It is a common raw material in the manufacture of gypsum and sodium silicate as well as other chemical products. It is also used as a drying agent for organic solutions and in textile finishing, papermaking, detergent production, dye testing and in the manufacture of calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. It is a major component in the Kraft process for making wood pulp and is the principal ingredient in US powdered laundry detergents although this use is declining as more consumers move to liquid detergents.

It is moderately soluble in water and in most organic solvents. It is also soluble in the alkaline solutions of phosphates and sulfates. It forms double salts with many other metal sulfates such as NaAl(SO4)2 (unstable above 39 degC) and also with other alkali metals like NaCr(SO4)2. It is insoluble in organic acids.

In the environment it is rapidly absorbed and deposited in soils, with a mean solubility of 1.05 kg/ha. It is not expected to bioaccumulate or enter the human food chain. Upon ingestion it is excreted in the urine and stool. When administered as a therapeutic agent it is generally given in isosmotic solutions so that administration does not disturb normal electrolyte balance and does not lead to absorption or excretion of ions or water. It is a major component of the treatment for fluid and electrolyte imbalances in infants, children and some adults and may be used to treat dehydration due to diarrhea.

The Properties And Application of Aluminum nitride

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What is Aluminium nitride?
Aluminum nitride (AIN) is a covalent-bond compound. It is a white or off-white atomic crystal. AlN can stabilize up to 2200. The strength of AlN at room temperatures is very high. It decreases gradually with increasing temperature. It is good for thermal shocks due to its good thermal conductivity. It is a good crucible material to melt and cast pure iron, aluminum and aluminum alloys. Aluminum nitride also has excellent dielectric properties. It is also a promising material for electrical components. Aluminum nitride can be applied to the surface of gallium-arsenide in order to protect it against ion implantation during annealing. Aluminum nitride also acts as a catalyst for the transformation of hexagonal boron to cubic boron. At room temperatures, it reacts very slowly with water. The product can be synthesized by combining aluminum powder with ammonia and nitrogen at 8001000. The product is a white to grayish-blue powder. If the Al2O3 system is used at 16001750 and the product is white powder, then this method will work.
Aluminum nitride application:

A surface acoustic-wave detector also uses epitaxial stretching due to the piezoelectric effects of aluminum Nitride. The detector will then be mounted on the silicon wafer. The thin film can only be manufactured reliably in very few places.

Aluminium nitride is a ceramic material with a low expansion coefficient, good thermal conductivity, and withstands high temperatures. It can also be used to make heat exchangers for high-temperature structural components.

Aluminum nitride can resist the corrosion of metals, alloys, and iron, such as aluminum and iron. It can also be used to melt metals, such as Al. Cu. Ag. Pb.

Aluminum Nitride is widely used as a semiconductor electronic package due to its excellent properties in terms of electrical, mechanical and thermal properties.

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Aluminum Boride Powder Properties And Preparation

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Aluminum boride AlB2 is a binary chemical compound that is formed from aluminum and boran. Under normal temperatures and pressure, it appears as a gray-black powder. It loses the gloss on its surface when heated.

Aluminum Boride Powder Properties

Aluminum diboride remains stable in diluted acid at room temperature, but decomposes when heated to hydrochloric or nitric. After heating and reacting, fine powders of aluminum are mixed with boron.
Aluminum diboride and AlB12 are two compounds that contain aluminum and boran. They are both commonly known as aluminum boreide. AlB12, a monoclinic crystal of black and shiny with a specific gravity of 2,55 (18degC), is a solid. It is insoluble with water, alkali or acid. Nitric acid hot decomposes it. It is produced by melting together boron, sulfur and aluminium.

In the structure, aluminum diboride is composed of B atoms forming a graphite like sheet, with Al atoms interspersed. This structure is very similar in structure to magnesium diboride. The AlB2 crystal has metallic conductivity parallel to the hexagonal surface of the substrate.

Aluminum Boride Powder Preparation

Aluminum borides are AlB2, AlB4, and ALB12. Their structure is similar to other intermetallics, and it depends more on the crystallization of aluminum metal than their valence. AlB2, AlB4, AlB12 and AlB4 are all aluminum borides. AlB2 diboride can be produced by a reaction between two elements at 600degC.

Powder metallurgy prepares AlB12 using amorphous Boron powder and Aluminum powder as the raw materials. Powder metallurgy is used to prepare AlB12 powder using amorphous boron powder and aluminum powder as raw materials.

Aluminum diboride may be dissolved with diluted hydrochloric to produce a reducing acid solution that contains HB(OH+3). AlB2 does not dissolve in dilute sulfuric or nitric acids.

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Titanium nitride is a refractory compound with high microhardness and chemical and thermal stability

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What is titanium Nitride? Titanium Nitride is a refractory with a high microhardness, chemical stability and thermal stability. TiN can be used for many purposes: as part of refractory material and cermets. It is also used as the crucible in metal anoxic casts and as precursor to wear-resistant decorative coatings. In a study of the combustion of compacted samples of titanium powder in nitrogen, it was found that the nitrogen content in the titanium powder is the most important factor in the combustion. Titanium sponges are a cheaper, more convenient and purer source of titanium compared to titanium powder.
What are the uses of titanium nitride?
Titanium nitride, a bright-gold ceramic coating, is applied by PVD to metal surfaces. The coating has a high degree of hardness, has low friction, and is moderately resistant against oxidation. The coating is smooth and does require any post-painting.
TiN is commonly used on machine tools to improve their corrosion resistance and maintain the edges.

TiN, which is a golden metal, can be used for decorating costume jewelry or car accessories. It is also used widely as a top-coat on consumer sanitary items and door hardware. The substrates are usually nickel (Ni), or chrome (Cr). As a protective coating, TiN can be used in aerospace and military applications, to protect sliding surfaces such as the forks at the front of motorcycles and bicycles, or the shafts that absorb shocks for radio-controlled vehicles. As TiN is extremely durable, it is used as a coating for the moving components of semi-automatic and automatic firearms. The coating is very smooth and removes carbon deposits easily. TiN, which is FDA compliant and non-toxic has been used on medical equipment, such as orthopedic bone saws, scalpels, and other blades, to maintain sharpness and edge. TiN coatings were also used to coat implanted medical implants, such as hip replacement implants.

TiN film, although not as visible, is also used for microelectronics as a conductive contact between active devices, such as circuits and metal contacts, as well as as a barrier to diffusion, to stop metal from diffusing to the metal. silicon. Although TiN is a ceramic material from a mechanical or chemical point of view in this case, it is classified a “barrier-metal” (resistivity less than 25 uO*cm). TiN can also be used in the latest chip designs (45 nm or higher) to improve transistor performances. When combined with a gate-dielectric that has a higher dielectric coefficient than standard SiO2 such as HfSiO, the gate length is reduced while maintaining low leakage. Currently, a TiN coating is being considered for zirconium-alloys that resist accidental nuclear fuel.

TiN electrodes can be used for bioelectronic devices, including smart implants, in-vivo biosensors and other bioelectronic devices, due to their high biological stability. They must also withstand the severe corrosion that occurs from body fluids. TiN electrodes have been used in subretinal prosthesis projects and biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS).

What’s better, titanium or Titanium Nitride?
Titan alloy drill bits can be a good choice for softer materials, such as wood and plastic. While the type of coating for titanium is different. As an example, titanium carbonitride coats are able to treat harder materials. Titanium, an element and metal, is composed of nitrogen and titanium.

Is titanium Nitride toxic?
Titanium Nitride, also called Tinite, is a very tough ceramic material that’s used to improve surface properties on titanium alloys and steel components.
TiN is a thin coating used for hardening and protecting cutting and sliding surface, as well as for decorative purposes due to its golden color. It can also be used for medical implant exteriors as it’s non-toxic. In many applications, the thickness of the applied coating is less that 5 microns. The study concluded the material tested was not toxic, nonirritating and nonhemolytic.

What is the strength level of titanium nitride?
feature. The Vickers hardness is 1800-2100. The elastic modulus of TiN, is 251GPa. The tiN oxidizes at 800degC. Normal atmosphere.

Other advanced uses of titanium nitride

1. Indium oxide photocatalysis is enhanced by plasma Titanium Nitride .
Photothermal titanium nitride (TiN) is a nano-scale metal material capable of capturing sunlight across a broad spectrum and generating a higher temperature locally through its photothermal effects. Indium oxide-hydroxide nano-scale material, In2O3x(OH)y, is a semiconductor capable of photocatalytic hydrogenation of gaseous CO2. The wide electron gap of In2O3-x(OH)y limits its ability to absorb photons in the ultraviolet range of the solar spectrum. In this article, two nanomaterials are combined in a ternary heterstructure: TiN at TiO2 and In2O3 -x(OH). This heterogeneous structural material couples metal In2O3x(OH)y and semiconductor TiN via the interface semiconductor, TiO2, to produce a conversion rate that is greater than the single component or binary combination.

2. Li-S battery polysulfide adjustments can be made by dissolving the vanadium within the titanium nitride framework.
The ability to adapt the host-guest chemistry in lithium-sulfur (LiS) batteries is of high importance, but has yet to be effectively implemented. Here, a unique titanium-vanadium-vanadium nitride (TVN) solid solution fabric was developed as an ideal platform for fine structure adjustment to achieve efficient and long-lasting sulfur electrochemistry. It is shown that by dissolving vanadium in the TiN structure, it can be used to adjust the electronic and coordination structure of Ti and Vanadium. This will change their chemical affinity toward sulfur species. This optimized TiV interaction provides the highest total polysulfide capacity and helps to fix sulfur firmly and accelerate reaction kinetics. The final LiS battery has excellent cycling capability. Its capacity retention rate after 400 cycles is as high at 97.7%. The reversible surface capacity can also be maintained under high sulfur loads of 6.0 mcg cm-2, and an electrolyte with a concentration of only 6.5 mL/g-1. This study provides a novel perspective for future adjustments of high-quality Li-lithium batteries.
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The Properties And Application of Gallium nitride

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What is Gallium Nitride (Galium Nitride)?
Inorganic gallium nitride has the chemical formula GaN. It is made up of gallium, nitrogen, and a combination. It is a direct-bandgap semiconductor that has been widely used in light emitting diodes (LEDs) since 1990. This compound has the same structure as wurtzite and is very hard. Gallium Nitride has an energy gap of about 3.4 electron-volts. This can be useful in high-speed and high-power optoelectronic devices. Gallium nitride is used, for instance, in violet lasers. You can use it without nonlinear semi-conductor pumped solid state lasers.

Professor Yuki Akasaki of Nagoya University in Japan along with Hiroshi Amao of Nagoya University as well as Shuji Nakamura of University of California Santa Barbara won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for their invention of the blue led.
Applications of GaN

GaN series has low heat production rate and high electric breakdown field. These materials are crucial for developing high-temperature and high power electronic devices, as well high-frequency microwave devices.

GaN materials are ideal for light-emitting devices with short wavelengths. GaN, and its alloys, cover the spectrum from red through to ultraviolet.

GaN is the hottest area of research in semiconductors. This is a new semiconductor material used for microelectronics and optoelectronics. Along with semiconductor materials, such as SIC or diamond, it’s known as the next generation of Ge and Si.

Semiconductor material, second-generation GaAs compound semiconductor materials, and third-generation semiconductor materials. It has a large bandgap and a strong atomic structure. It also has high thermal conductivity (nearly uncorroded by acid) as well as good radiation resistance. It’s used in photoelectronics and devices that require high temperatures and power.

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Titanium carbide TiC is a very hard refractory ceramic material

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What is the introduction to titanium carbide Titanium carbide is similar to tungsten carbide in that it is extremely hard (Mohs 9 – 9.5). It appears as black powder with sodium chloride (face centered cubic) crystal structures.

It is found in nature as an extremely rare mineral known as khamrabaevite. It was found in 1984 near the Uzbek-USSR border on Mount Arashan. The mineral was named for Ibragim Khamrabaevich Khamrabaev. He is the director of Geology and Geophysics at Tashkent in Uzbekistan. In nature, the crystals of this mineral range from 0.1mm to 0.3mm.

Tool bits made of titanium carbide with nickel-cobalt matrix can improve cutting speed and precision. They also smooth out the surface of the workpiece.

Addition of up to 30% titanium carbide can improve the resistance of tungsten-cobalt materials to wear, corrosion and oxidation. This results in a more solid, brittle solution.

The reactive-ion method can be used for etching titanium carbide.

What is titanium carbide made of?
The reaction of titanium dioxide with carbon black above 1800degC produces a powdery hard titanium carbide. It is used in heat-resistant parts and cutting tools.
Titan carbide TiC powder
Titanium carbide is also used in the production of cermets. These are often used to cut steel at high speeds. It is used as a surface coating for metal parts such as tool bits or watch mechanisms. Titanium carbide coatings are also used for spacecraft atmospheric reentry.

As a metal melting bismuth additive, for metals such as bismuth zinc, cadmium, and tin, the preparation of wear-resistant semiconductor films, HDD (large-capacity memory devices).

As an additive to metal bismuths, zinc, cadmium melting Bismuths, the preparation of semiconductor wear resistant film and HDD large capacity memory device, titanium carbide has a wide range of applications.

Nanotech titanium carbide approach suggests hydrogen storage breakthrough
The new research coming out of China could double the efficiency of hydrogen collection, which is seen by many as the key to creating a more sustainable energy economy.

This week’s research in Nature Nanotechnology examined a method for storing hydrogen using a titanium alloy with a thin layer of carbide, producing a nano pump effect. The process described here is twice as effective than comparable methods.

Hydrogen has been gaining popularity as an environmentally friendly fuel. Fuel-cell vehicles are already available. Register readers are quick to note that although breakthroughs in production of the gas have been made, storage of the gas is still a major problem due to its small size.

The work of Professor Jianglan Shui and the team of Beihang University’s School of Materials Science and Engineering showed that titanium carbide materials (technical names Ti2CTx and MXene – types of MXene), can support up to 8.8wt% of hydrogen under “relatively secure” pressures of 60 bar.

“Compared with known room-temperature materials for hydrogen storage, Ti2CTx proves the superiority low-pressure storage which is almost twice the previous highest storage capacity reported under the same pressurized,” the paper said.

The release of hydrogen is rapid and controlled, making this a “promising approach for developing practical hydrogen storage materials.”

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Anode Design Concept for Cu Foam Electrodes

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cu foams possess high porosity, good conductivity and a low coefficient of friction, and are used as current collectors in Li-ion batteries. Their intrinsic structural integrity and void spaces also allow them to buffer stress generated by large volume changes in high-capacity anode materials during cycling. However, the combination of these desirable properties is not easily achieved in a three-dimensional porous structure. In this article, a novel anode design concept is introduced by combining directional freeze-casting and sol-gel coating processes to fabricate a 3D macroporous cu foam electrode with dual pore-size distribution. The 3D microstructure provides continuous metallic struts that serve as effective electron pathways and local void spaces to alleviate stress. The result is an electrode with excellent reversible capacity, superior rate capability and stable cycle retention.

The X-ray diffraction patterns of the as-prepared cu foams showed that they are composed of pure copper material, indicating no contamination by other metal oxides. The etched cu foams and the cu foams modified by n-EE, n-HDE, and n-ODE had different surface morphologies, as shown in Figure 1. In order to evaluate their stability, the cu foam samples were immersed in 0.1 M HCl, 0.1 M NaOH, and 3.5% NaCl solutions for 5 min, 10 min, and 10 h respectively. After that, the samples were washed with deionized water and dried by nitrogen.

The X-ray diffraction pattern of the SnO2/cu foam shows the characteristic peaks of tetragonal rutile-structure SnO2 and that of copper (JCPDS 41-1445) without other peaks. The reversible oxidation behavior is confirmed by the integrated charge in differential curves at higher voltages (Supplementary Fig. S12c). The area corresponding to the reversible oxidation decreases sharply for both SnO2/cu foam and SnO2 NPs after 30 cycles.