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Hydrogen Hardness and Low-Alloy Steels

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hydrogen hardness is the resistance of a metal to hydrogen embrittlement. It is well known that hydrogen has a negative effect on the ductility, fracture toughness and fatigue properties of metals due to its promotion of brittle hydride formations. However, surprisingly, the same metals that can be embrittled by hydrogen can also be made more resistant to it by charging the material with supersaturated hydrogen.

The reason why some steels are more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement than others is that the brittle failure mode of the latter mainly occurs at low temperature, as atomic hydrogen tends to form hydrides with the parent metal. Hydrides are more brittle than the parent metal, and they are prone to crack propagation, causing embrittlement.

In contrast, some metallic materials — including carbon and low alloy steels — are not affected by hydrogen in this way. This is because atomic hydrogen has difficulty forming hydrides with the parent metal at room temperature, or at temperatures lower than that of the gas they are transported in.

The authors reported that hex bolts from a ship gearbox that failed during cruising were found to have been subjected to brittle failure, which was attributed to the ingress of atomic hydrogen caused by corrosion-induced stress cracking (HIC) in the presence of H2S. The hex bolts were plated with low-alloy steels having a hardness exceeding 30 HRC, and the failure investigation showed that the hex bolts exhibited ductility failure mode and contained hydrogen in a quantity of up to 1.5 ppm. The authors found that the hydrogen concentration of the hex bolts was closely dependent on mineral-water hardness, temperature and container materials. The highest concentration of hydrogen was observed in water with a high hardness level, while the lowest concentration of hydrogen was found in the case of commercially available purified water of very low hardness.

The Properties And Uses of Boron Carbide Powder

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What are the boron carbide properties?

Boron carbide powder , also known as black diamond, is an organic substance with a chemical formula of B4C, usually gray-black powder. It is one of the three hardest materials known (the other two are diamond and cubic boron nitride).
Boron carbide is a hard black shiny crystal. Boron carbide hardness is lower than industrial diamond, but higher than silicon carbide. Compared with other pottery, boron carbide ceramics are less fragile.

Boron carbide powder is one of the most stable substances to acid and is stable in all concentrated or dilute acid or alkali aqueous solutions. Boron carbide powder is basically stable below 800degC in an air environment. The boron oxide formed by its oxidation at a higher temperature is lost in the gas phase, leading to its instability and oxidation to form carbon dioxide and boron trioxide.

What are the boron carbide uses?

Boron carbide powder has the characteristics of low density, high strength, high temperature stability and good chemical stability. It is used in wear-resistant materials, ceramic reinforcing phases, especially in lightweight armor, reactor neutron absorbers, etc. In addition, compared with diamond and cubic boron nitride, boron carbide is easy to manufacture and low in cost, so it is more widely used. It can replace expensive diamond in some places and is commonly used in grinding, grinding, and drilling.

Abrasive material
Because boron carbide has been used as a coarse abrasive material long ago. Because of its high melting point, it is not easy to be cast into artificial products, but it can be processed into simple shapes by smelting the powder at high temperature. Boron carbide powder is used for grinding, grinding, drilling and polishing hard materials such as cemented carbide and gemstones.

Coating paint
Boron carbide can also be used as a ceramic coating for warships and helicopters. It is lightweight and has the ability to resist the penetration of armor-piercing projectiles through the hot-press coating to form an integral defense layer.

Nozzle
Because boron carbide nozzles have the characteristics of wear resistance and high hardness, boron carbide nozzles will gradually replace cemented carbide/tungsten steel and silicon carbide, silicon nitride, alumina, zirconia and other materials.

Other
Boron carbide powder is also used in the manufacture of metal borides, smelting sodium boron, boron alloys, and special welding.

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Semiconductor Photocatalytic Material-Yellow Tungsten Oxide

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What is tungsten Oxide?

Tungstentrioxide has a powder crystal of light yellow triclinic color. If the temperature rises above 740degC it becomes orange tetragonals crystals that return to its original state upon cooling. It is stable when in air with a melting and boiling point above 1750degC.

Tungsten trioxide, the most stable type of tungsten dioxide, is a solid. It is insoluble with water and other inorganic acid except hydrofluoric. It can be dissolved into hot sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution to form soluble, tungstate. If the temperature exceeds 650 degrees, H2 can be used to reduce it and C can be used to decrease it.


Yellow (tungsten oxide) is a typical material of the n type semiconductor. It is a semiconductor photocatalyst with an excellent development potential because of its high solar energy usage, good visible light responsiveness, and strong light corrosion resistant. It has been widely applied in the fields such as photolysis of water for hydrogen production and catalytic degrading of organic pollutants.


One of the factors that affects the photocatalytic properties of yellow tungsten dioxide is the high photo-generated electron hole recombination on the surface. This has a negative impact on its industrial applications in the photocatalysis field. As photocatalytic technologies are considered one of the most effective ways to reduce environmental pollution and solve energy crises, they have attracted the attention of governments and scientists from around world.

The photocatalytic performance and efficiency of yellow tungsten dioxide can be improved by a method.

Researchers have proposed an effective method to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of yellow titanium oxide by building a heterogeneous intersection. This technique is effective in improving the electron-hole seperation efficiency of photocatalysts. The yellow tungsten dioxide photocatalyst exhibited higher photocatalytic performance than a monocrystalline phase during the photocatalytic destruction of hydrogen production in aquatic environments and pollutants. In recent years people have succeeded in constructing heterogeneous intersections, such as WO3/WO3*H2O.


WO3 has many different crystal structures. These include orthorhombic phase, hexagonal phase, monoclinic and tetragonal phases. It is also widely used for photocatalysis because mWO3 has an excellent visible light response and a large bandwidth. It is also possible to build monoclinic/hexagonal homogeneous junctions in WO3 materials (m-WO3/hWO3) because the conduction and valence bands are lower for h-WO3. Improve the photocatalytic activity of WO3.


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The Properties And Application of Manganese Dioxide Powder

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Manganese dioxide The chemical formula for this inorganic compound is MnO2. Manganese oxide is an amorphous black powder or orthorhombic black crystal.

Manganese Dioxide Properties:

Manganese dioxide is insoluble with water, weak acid and weak alkali. It also has a low solubility in nitric, cold sulfuric, or nitric acids. Manganese dioxide is dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acids when heated. This produces chlorine gas.
Manganese dioxide, also known as amphoteric iron oxide, is a compound reaction in molten alkali system. A corresponding salt is available in the form a perovskite, such as BaMnO3 and SrMnO3 obtained by a reaction of compound in a liquid alkali system.

Manganese oxide is oxidized when it encounters a reductant. In order to get brown-black Manganese Trioxide, manganese dioxide is heated with ammonia in a steam.

It also becomes reducible when manganese oxide is in contact with strong oxidants. Mixing manganese dioxide with potassium carbonate or potassium nitrate and melting it will produce a dark green liquid. This liquid can be dissolved and cooled in water to form potassium manganate. It is an oxidant that can be very strong in acidic media.

Manganese Dioxide Application:

Manganese dioxide can be used as a polarizer for dry battery, as a catalyst, and oxidant to produce synthesis. It is also used as a colorant and decolorizer in the glass and enamel industries, and it removes iron.

Manganese oxide is used to produce metallic manganese as well as special alloys, gasmasks, electronic material ferrites, and ferromanganese casts. Manganese oxide can be used in rubber to increase viscosity. Manganese dioxide is also used as a chemical catalyst.

In the laboratory manganese dioxide is used to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen, as well as to catalyze decomposition of potassium chlorate to produce oxygen. Manganese dioxide is combined with elemental aluminum powder to form manganese and its oxide. Yellow glass, pigments and other uses.

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Sodium Chloride Melting and Boiling Point

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The ionic bonding in sodium chloride requires strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) ions. This is why it takes a lot more energy to melt sodium chloride than to melt water.

In solution, the ions separate into solvent separated ion pairs, and the attraction between them weakens considerably. As a result, the pH of a sodium chloride solution is 7. It is soluble in only highly polar solvents such as water.

When sodium and chlorine ions recombine in the molten state, they form solid salt. This process, known as decomposition, also requires a lot of energy. This energy is released as heat, so the melting and boiling points of ionic compounds are very high.

The melting point of solid sodium chloride is 2575 °F (1413 °C). Boiling it produces the same results: the atoms separate into sodium and chlorine ions, which then recombine in the vapor phase.

Sodium Chloride Side Effects

Using this medication may cause nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, headache, and fluid retention in your legs or feet. These effects can be lessened if you drink lots of fluids while taking this medication. If these symptoms do not go away, talk to your doctor.

Sodium stearate essential for cleaning products

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Introduction to sodium Stearate Sodium Octadecanoic is commonly referred to as sodium stearate. The chemical formula of sodium octadecanoic (C17H35COONa) is C17H35COONa. This organic substance has a white oily texture and a slight smell. It is created by the reaction between octadecanoic acids and sodium hydroxide. It’s used to make toothpaste, as well as a waterproofing and plastic stabilizing agent. Sodium Myristate also comes in an ultra-fine, white powder that has excellent lubricating properties, and is dispersing as well.
Is sodium Stearate harmful to skin?
Although sodium stearate has been synthesized, it does not contain petroleum or have it undergone multiple production processes. The product is made using natural oils in a simple way. Natural fats, whether from plants or animals, contain a high amount of stearic. This means that they only need to be heated to a specific temperature in order to separate out the stearic component. The stearic combined with sodium is also stearic. The sodium fatty acid, which is a nontoxic and harmless substance, can also be used safely in various chemical products. The main component of soap is sodium-stearate. This ingredient is safe for the skin. It is a very important surfactant, which can dissolve in water and bind to oil on the skin’s surface.
Many experiments and years of experience have proven its safety. It is important to know that because this ingredient has an improved degreasing action, people with dry or sensitive skin may experience increased dryness.
What is sodium stearate used for?
Sodium stearate, a material widely used, can be used to emulsify, disperse, gel, stabilize, adhere, and regulate viscosity. It is a main ingredient in soaps, cosmetics, and food additives.
Use sodium stearate to make anticorrosive coating
A paint that is anticorrosive and contains a modifier based on sodium stearate/methoxyfatty acid amide. The paint is composed of zinc powder, inorganic silicate sodium, silicone emulsion and other additives.
Zinc powder can be improved by adding sodium stearate. This will increase the thixotropic network structure and reduce the sedimentation. Add sodium methoxyfatty acid amidobenzenesulfonate for better solubilization. The paint is stable and has a good application value.
Hydrotalcite may be modified by using sodium stearate
Modification of magnesium-aluminum-carbonate hydrotalcite (MgAl-CO3 -LDHs) was achieved using sodium stearate. The modification process was examined in relation to the thermal stability and durability of polyvinylchloride. Characterization of hydrotalcite using XRD (X-ray Diffractometer), Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR, Scanning Electron Microscope SEM was performed.
The results showed that sodium-stearate was not able to change the structure of the hydrotalcite layer, but it was able to modify the surface. This improved the thermal stability, as well as the effect of PVC. The initial coloration does not have much effect but it can increase the thermal stability of PVC and the static thermal ageing time by 57.1%.
Is sodium stearate natural?
It is not a naturally occurring component but one that has been chemically synthesized from stearic. Stearic acid, which is a saturated fatty acids, can be produced from raw materials like rapeseed or sunflower oil. It can be made of.
Where can sodium stearate be found?
This white solid is commonly known as soap. This soapy white solid is most commonly used. This substance is found in many different types of deodorants as well as rubbers, paints, inks and latex. It is also used in food additives and flavoring agents.
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Introduction of three types of nitride powder

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The binary compound nitride is made up of nitrogen and an element which has a lower electronegativity. Nitrogen, which has a high electronegativity can form a number of nitrides that include covalent nitrides as well as metal nitrides. onic nitride
Nitrides that are formed from alkali metals or alkaline Earth metals belong to the ionic group. They have crystals with mainly ionic bonding, while the nitrogen element appears as N3+, which is also called salt-like nitrides. Li3N, the only ionic nitride currently used, is a deep red solid. Li3N belongs to the hexagonal crystalline system and is a red solid with a density of 1.27g/cm3 as well as a melting point 813degC. It is very easy to synthesize, and it has a good ionic conductivity. It can be combined either with solids or liquids. Coexistence of Lithium is one of best solid lithium electrodes currently available.

Covalent nitride
Covalent nitrides are formed when group IIIAVIIA element are combined. The majority of their crystals consist of covalent bonding. Nitrogen oxides and nitrogen halos are the correct names for compounds that oxygen, group VIIIA elements and nitrogen form. The covalent nitrides most commonly used are nitrides from group IIIA elements and IVA (such as AlN, GaN and InN). The unit of structure is similar to that of a tetrahedron, and so is known as class Diamond Nitride. They have a high hardness and melting point. The majority of them are semiconductors or insulators. They are widely used for cutting tools and high-temperature ceramics.

Metal nitride
These nitrides form by transition metal elements are metallic nitrides. The nitrogen atoms in these nitrides can also be called infill nitrides. This type of metal-type nitride is not a stoichiometric nitride, but its chemical composition may vary in a given range. Most metal-types nitrides have a NaCl type of structure and a MN type chemical formula. In general, it is a metal-like material with properties such as high hardness and melting point, wear resistance resistance, corrosion resistant, etc. It has good prospects for use in cutting materials as well as electrode materials and catalyst materials.

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The chemical properties of amorphous boron are more active than those of crystalline boron

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What is amorphous boran powder? Amorphous Boron has a more active chemical property than crystalline Boron. Crystalline Boron is so hard it is often substituted for diamond in the manufacture of cutting tools or drill bit. To prevent metal oxidation, a small quantity of boron is added to the metal smelting processes.
Amorphous Boron Powder is an important energy material. In a composite solid propellant, it is used as a solid energy fuel. The calorific power of boron is two times higher than carbon. Its volume, however, is three times that of hydrocarbon fuel. The irregular shape of amorphous boran and its large surface area cause a significant decrease in the ignition temperature.
Characteristics of Amorphous Boron powder
Amorphous Boron Powder is a dark, odorless brown powder. It can be ignited at 700°C and oxidized at 300°C. As a boron fine product, it’s used widely in metallurgy. Commonly used in deoxidizers, airbag initiators, rocket fuel igniters, etc.
The chemical properties amorphous Boron are more active than crystalline Boron. Crystalline Boron is so hard it is used as a substitute for diamond when making drill bits or cutting tools. To prevent metal oxidation, a small quantity of boron is added to the metal-smelting process. Boron-copper is used, for example to make control rods in atomic reactors. Boron is a black, dark brown, or gray powder. At room temperature it can react with Fluorine, but not hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, or aqueous acid solutions. Boron is not soluble with water. However, it can be dissolved in boiling nitric or sulfuric acids, and in most molten metals, such as iron, copper, manganese and calcium. It is widely applied in many fields, including metallurgy.
Use of boron powder
1. In terms of energy, boron is the best nonmetallic additive. Because of its irregular form and large specific area, boron powder’s ignition temperature decreases significantly.
2. Boron is an important raw material in the production of high purity boron halide, as well as for preparing other boride-based raw materials.
3. Oxygen free copper smelting oxidizer: Addition of small amounts of boron in the metal smelting procedure, one hand to act as a oxidizer;
4. Boron powder, used in alloying metal products and to improve mechanical properties of metals, is a component.
5. Boron powder may also be used to weld.
6. Boron Powder for Solid Rocket Propellant
7. Boron powder used as a catalyst for airbags in automobiles
8. Magnesium Carbon Brick Additive for High Temperature Furnace of Steelmaking
Boron powder Supplier
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The difference between nanoparticles and nanomaterials

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What is nanopowder? Nanopowder It is also known as nanoparticle and refers to ultrafine particle sizes between 1-100nm. Some people refer to it as ultrafine particle. It is bigger than atomic particles and smaller than normal particles. Nanoparticles are absorbed into the body by the outer layer, such as the skin or the lungs. The amount of migration they undergo from the exterior to the internal depends on their physical and chemical properties.
What’s the difference between nanomaterials & nanoparticles
Nanomaterials Refers to materials that are in the nanoscale (1nm100nm), in at most one dimension, in three-dimensional space. They can also be composed of these basic units. The particle diameter of 10 nanometers contains 4000 molecules and the surface-atoms are 40%. For a particle with a diameter of 1 nanometer it contains 30 molecules and the surface-atoms are 99%.

Introduction of Nano Cobalt Powder
Nano cobalt is a powder that can be gray, black or spherical. Cobalt Nanoparticles can be used for a variety applications, such as sensors, imaging and more. Cobalt is classified as a hazardous substance and can cause skin allergies. Inhalation has been shown to cause breathing difficulties and asthma symptoms.
Laser evaporation creates spherical metal particles. Cobalt does not have a high abundance, but it is found widely in soil, rocks, mineral water and oceans, as well as in meteorites, sunlight, star atmosphere and coal.

Applications of nanocobalt particles
1. Medical sensors
2. Magnetic resonance imaging for biomedical applications
3. Agents of targeted drug delivery for cancer treatment
4. Coatings for textiles, high-performance magnetic recording material, nanofibers and nanowires
5. As a magnet fluid: nanoparticles containing iron, nickel, cobalt or their alloys
6. Materials that absorb microwaves
7. Cobalt dioxide particles are also used in military applications. They can be used as high-performance, invisible materials which absorb ultra-high-frequency (EHF) millimeter-waves (MMW), visible and infrared lights.

How to store Nano Cobalt Particles
Powder will agglomerate if it is stored in an environment that is humid. It should therefore be vacuum packed and kept in a place where the air is dry. Customers can customize the packaging to meet their needs.

Price of nano cobalt particle
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Application of α Alumina and γ Alumina in the Catalysis of Petroleum Refining

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Alumina is what?

Alumina Al2O3 is a chemical compound that has an inorganic formula. It is an inorganic compound of high-hardness, with a melting and boiling point of 2204degC. It is a crystalline ion that can be ionized under high temperatures.
Diaspore and bauxite (Al2O3*3H2O), which are both mineral aluminates, are used in the production of industrial alumina. Al2O3 of high purity is usually prepared chemically. Al2O3 comes in a variety of crystal forms. There are over 10 different types of crystals. There are 3 main crystal types: a, b and g Al2O3. At high temperatures above 1300, the structure and properties of a-Al2O3 are completely different.

Use of alumina

It is transformer oil in the industrial sector. Alumina comes in two main types: the a-type, and the g-type. The filterate is cooled and then aluminium hydroxide crystalline salts are added. This process is known as “Bayer.”

1. The precipitate, which is also called aluminium oxide, is highly flammable.

2. Alpha alumina does not dissolve in water or acid. 9-4, density 3, Catalysts, catalyst carriers. Pure alumina, a white amorphous crystalline powder, is also used for making refractory bricks. They have a large surface area (per gram) of about 100 square meters. Industrial products can be colourless, or slightly pinkish, cylindrical particles that are extracted from bauxite.
3. Adsorbents in the petroleum industry and petrochemicals are widely used. It is the most common method of producing alumina in industry. When heated to 1,200 degrees, the lattice will convert completely into alumina.

Insoluble in water, g type alumina. It is also known as activated alumina by industry. The melting and boiling points of this alumina are 2980 degrees Fahrenheit and 2980 degrees Fahrenheit, respectively. KJ Bayer, an Austrian scientist, invented this technique in 1888. It is used as the primary raw material to produce metal aluminum. After usage, it can also be recycled and re-used after heating to 175°C for 6-8hrs. Presently, more than 90% (of the world’s total production) of alumina is produced using the Bayer process. It is used in laboratories as a material to create artificial sapphires and rubies.

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