New Breakthrough in Solar Energy Application: Converting Carbon Dioxide into Fuel

What is Molybdenum Carbide?

Molybdenum carburide possesses high melting points and hardness. It also has excellent thermal and mechanical resistance and is resistant to corrosion. Molybdenum has a melting point 2615 and is silver-white. It has a density 10.2 g/cm3 with a small expansion coefficient. This is similar to the glass used in electronic tubes. Molybdenum will oxidize quickly above 600°C and is stable when kept at room temperature.

Molybdenum carbide as Fuel

According to reports in the media, plants’ innovative ways of converting light and oxygen into fuel has inspired many researchers. Today, photosynthesis has laid a foundation for solving the carbon dioxide problem. Researchers at Linkoping University have developed a method to convert carbon dioxide into fuels using solar energy. A photoelectrode was created, covered with a layer graphene. Graphene has been widely promoted as a material that can generate charge carriers and capture solar energy. They then convert water and carbon dioxide into methane and carbon monoxide.

Carbon Dioxide into Hydrocarbons

The latest evidence that many environmental initiatives are working to find new ways to utilize carbon dioxide is this. Even the Paris Agreement is aiming to do so. The momentum continues to grow, which could lead to more technological breakthroughs. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, along with the University of Southern California, announced earlier this year that they had created a catalyst that could make hydrogenation, which is cheaper than the process of converting carbon dioxide into hydrocarbons.

Nanotechnology and Molybdenum-Carbide Catalyst

Their catalyst uses nanotechnology in order to add molybdenum carbon nanoparticles. Molybdenum-carbon carbide, a metal and carbon complex, has a variety of uses, such as the conversion of CO2 into carbon monoxide to produce chemicals and the conversion of hydrocarbons. Cost is a key consideration for all projects that are aimed at utilizing the carbon dioxide we emit into the air. Carbon capture technology for instance is costly. Many people think this technology will not be affordable or a viable way to reduce global emissions on a large-scale.


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Properties and Applications of Quartz Powder

What is quartz?

Quartz powder is also called silica. Quartz sand has a high chemical stability and is hard. Its main component is SiO2. Quartz sand can be milky white, colorless or translucent. Hardness 7; brittle with no cleavage. Shape fracture, grease-luster, density of 2,65, bulk density (20 to 200 mesh is 1,5), chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties are clearly anisotropic, it’s insoluble in acids, but slightly soluble in KOH solutions, melting point is 1650. Quartz sand is the result of processing the quartz stone from the mine. It has a mesh size less than 120. The products with a mesh greater than 120 are known as quartz powder.

Use of quartz powder

Mineral fillers such as non-metallic minerals are used in modern polymer products like plastics, rubber and coatings. Addition of non-metallic minerals, such as the quartz powder, to the polymer material base can reduce costs, but also improve performance and dimensional stabilty, while giving the material special chemical and physical characteristics. Compression resistance, impact and corrosion resistance, fire retardancy, insulation etc.

KMPASS, etc. SlEC, a high-pressure epoxy molding material with good weather resistance and excellent electrical properties was developed using silicon micropowder. It is a material of choice for high voltage insulators and switches. KMPASS et al. Quartz powder was added to the patent of flame retardant insulating coateds in order to improve its thixotropic characteristics. The coating features uniform coating, no cracked, quick curing, and low costs. Liu You and other researchers added quartz to epoxy resin in order to develop an epoxy coating that is non-toxic and has anti-corrosion properties. It overcomes existing coatings’ shortcomings when it comes to brushing or spraying. KMPASS, etc. In the patented electronic insulation sealing film prepared by using butyl as the base material, adding silicon powder to it, the film has high strength insulation, is waterproof, resistant to heat, cold, chemical corrosion, ageing resistance, good plasticity and insulation. Good characteristics. Ideal for the insulation and sealing of wire busbars of 0.4-10kV and exposed joints in various electrical appliances.


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Cemented Carbide Materials Tungsten Carbide Powder

Tungsten carbide Compound composed of carbon and tungsten with the molecular formula WC. The molecular weight is 195.85. Tungsten carbide is a hexagonal crystal that is black and has a metallic luster. It is hard and is similar to diamond.
Tunsten Carbide Properties:
Tungsten carburide is a black hexagonal crystalline system. It dissolves in hydrofluoric, nitric, and mixed acids. The chemical properties are stable of tungsten carbide.

Tungsten carbide is a powdery gray color with a metallic sheen. It is insoluble with water, hydrochloric and sulfuric acids but soluble when mixed with nitric or hydrofluoric acid. The brittleness of pure tungsten can be decreased by adding titanium, cobalt or other metals.

Tungsten Carbide Application:
Tungsten carbide powder is used to make steel cutting tools. It’s often mixed with tantalum or titanium carbide. Tungsten carbide powder is used for the production of cemented carbide.

Tungsten carbide is used in many applications, including high-speed cutters, furnace structural materials for jet engines, cermet material, resistance heating components, etc.

Tungsten-carbide powder is used for cutting tools, wearable parts, melting pots for metals like copper, cobalt, or bismuth as well as wear-resistant semiconductor film.

Tungsten carbide is used for super-hard, wear-resistant tool materials. It can also form a solid mixture with many carbides. WC-TiC-Co cermented-carbide tools are commonly used. It can also reduce the sintering temp and maintain good performance when used as an additive to NbC C and TaC C ternary system carburides. It can also be used for aerospace materials.

Tungsten (WC), powder, is made by combining tungsten (WO3) with graphite under a reducing atmospheric at temperatures between 1400 and 1600 degrees.

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Are Both Diamond and Graphite Carbon?

Carbon is found widely in the crust of the earth and in its atmosphere. Carbon is essential to human production, and the two are interconnected.
Diamonds are forever

Diamond, the hardest substance found in nature. Its hardness measures 4 times as much as corundum, and 8 times more than quartz.

What is the reason for diamond’s high hardness?

In the 1st Century AD, diamond was first mentioned in the literature. Over the next 1,600-year period, no one knew the true composition of diamond. The “material” of diamonds was only discovered in the second half the 18th century.

French chemist Lavoisier (1743) and other scientists conducted experiments during the 70s and 90s in the 18th century on burning diamonds with oxygen. The result was carbon dioxide, which is a mixture of carbon and oxygen. substance. The carbon in this case comes from diamond. Finally, these tests proved that carbon is the main component of diamond.

Although diamonds are composed of carbon, the reason for their high hardness is still unknown. Carbon is used in the production of pencil lead. But graphite has a softer mineral than human nails.


Why is the difference between diamond and graphite?

William Bragg (1862-1942), British physicist and his son, answered this question only in 1913. Bragg (1862-1942) and his son studied diamonds with X rays. They discovered that every carbon atom was tightly combined with four surrounding carbon atoms in the crystal of diamond to form an intricate three-dimensional pattern. This unique structure has never been observed in any other mineral. The density of diamond is 3.5g/cm, about 1.5 times that of graphite, due to this dense structure. This dense structure is what gives diamonds their greatest hardness. Other words, a diamond is formed when carbon atoms are squeezed.

Synthetic diamond

It is the hardest material in nature. As such, it has many industrial applications, including fine abrasive products, high-hardness tools, different drill bits, wire drawing dies, etc. It is also used to make precision instruments.

Diamonds have many other excellent properties including super-hardness. It is called the “king” of hardness and the “king” of gems. Diamond crystals are angled at 54deg.44’8″. The United States produced synthetic diamonds successfully in the 1950s by using graphite, a raw material. Now, synthetic diamonds can be found in many areas of production and daily life. However, it is difficult to create large diamond particles.

Graphite Graphite Graphite is a dark grey opaque fine-scale solid with metallic luster. It is soft with a greasy feeling and excellent electrical conductivity. The graphite atoms form a planar layer structure. Because the bonds between layers are relatively weak, it’s easy to separate and slide between them. Main functions: making pencils, electrodes, tram cables, etc.

Fullerene was discovered as the fourth carbon crystal in 1985. It is found after graphite, linear carbon and diamond. Fullerene was discovered as a new industrial material. Its hardness exceeds diamond and its stiffness (ductility), is superior to steel.

It’s 100 times stronger than copper. It conducts electricity better, is more conductive, and weighs only 1/6 as much.

The columnar and tubular molecules can also be called carbon nanotubes, or Bucky Tubes. C60 is aromatic, soluble with benzene and sauce red. It can be produced by resisting heating graphite or using the arc method. C60 may be a superlubricant due to its lubricity. C60 with metal doping has superconductivity. It is a promising superconducting substance. C60 is also used in many different fields, including semiconductors.

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What is Boron and its application

What is Boron? Boron Boron is either a silvery-gray or black solid. The earth’s crust contains 0.001% boron. Crystal boron has a black color, is harder than diamond and is brittle. Boron was named Boron. Its name is derived Arabic, and the original meaning of “flux”. This shows that ancient Arabs were aware that borax was able to melt metals oxides and used as a welding flux.
Boron – Preparation
The sodium metaborate first obtained is by decomposing the magnesium borate solution with concentrated alkali, then crystallizing NaBO2 solution in strong alkali, allowing it to dissolve in water, increasing the concentration, and finally concentrating the crystallization. Adjust the acidity of the sodium tetraborate solution with sulfuric to precipitate crystals of boric acids with low solubility. After heating, boric acid dehydrates to borontrioxide. Then, after drying, B2O3 is reduced with magnesium or aluminium to obtain crude boron. The crude boron undergoes three different treatments: hydrochloric, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen fluoride. This results in brown amorphous, 95-98% pure boron.
By hydrogen reduction, you can make the purest monomeric form of boron. You pass a mixture of hydrogen with borontribromide through the wire. After heating the wire to 1500K by electric heat, the borontribromide will be reduced by the hydrogen at high temperatures.
You can also obtain boron by heating magnesium or aluminum powder and reducing boron dioxide.

Use of boron for industrial purposes
Boron, a chemical raw-material mineral with many applications, is used in a variety of ways. It is primarily used to produce borax, boron and boric acid as well elemental borax. It is widely used in metallurgy as well as building materials, machinery and electrical appliances. Chemicals, light-weight wool, nuclear industries, medicine and agriculture are also among its many uses. Important raw materials. Boron is used in more than 300 products. Glass, ceramics, detergents and agricultural fertilizers account for the majority of the global consumption.
Elemental Boron is used in a variety of applications, including as a good reducing, oxidizing, and brominating agents, a blending agent for organic synthesis, an insulator for high voltage, high frequency electricity, and plasma arcs, and if necessary, forming the transmission window of radar.
Boron The boron element is found in trace amounts of alloys. When combined with plastics or aluminum alloys it can be used as an effective neutron-shielding material. Boron-containing additives improve sintering, which is important in the metal industry. The quality of ore can reduce the melting point and reduce the expansion. It also improves strength and hardness. Boron and its derivatives are also used in the metallurgical and steel industries as raw materials for smelting of boron-iron boron steel. The addition of titanium boride or lithium boride to building materials and heat-resistant alloys can produce these compounds. Borates, borides, and other borates are essential components in enamel, ceramics, glass, and ceramics. They can be used to improve the surface finish and gloss of a product.
Boric acid
Zinc borate may be used to create fire-resistant fibers. It’s a good fire retardant. It can also be used for bleaching or mordant dying. In fabric bleaching, sodium metaborate can be used. Additionally, boron compounds and paint desiccants can be used to make soldering and wastewater treatment agents that contain mercury in the paper industry.
Boron can be found as a trace in quartz. How to reduce boron to the minimum is the key in the purification process for high-purity, quartz sand. The presence of Boron reduces quartz melting point and decreases the number uses of the quartz crucible. This increases production costs of monocrystalline Silicon.
China has abundant boron-ore resources but boron-ore products cannot meet domestic construction needs. Domestic borax production was around 400,000 tons in 2007, imported boron-ore products 648.700 tons. This is a high dependence on imports.


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SiO2 has several types

Quartz powder summary Natural quartz (SiO2) or Fused Silica powder Powder is obtained by breaking (natural quartz high temperature melting, cooled SiO2), flotation (or vibration or airflow), pickling, purification of high-purity drinking water, and other multichannel processes. Quartz powder is an inorganic, nonmetallic, nontoxic material that is nontoxic, odorless, and nonpollutible. It is also non-toxic because of its low thermal conductivity. The main applications are in integrated circuit packaging for large-scale, aerospace and aviation, coatings paints binders catalysts medical precision castings high-voltage components, daily cosmetics. Due to its wide range of applications, it is very rich.
Divide Level
There are several types of silicon fine particles: common silicon fine, silicon grade powder for electronic applications, silicon grade powder for electrical purposes, silicon grade powder for molten silicon, ultrafine silicon grade powder and “spherical’ silicon grade powder.

Divide by use
You can divide the silicon fine particles into paint coating, epoxy floor, silicone fine powder and sealant.

Divided into production processes
Silicon fine powder is classified into crystalline, molten, square quartz, and active.
1. Crystalline silicon Powder
The powdered silicon crystalline This is natural high-grade quartz that has been produced through a unique grinding process without iron. Its color is white and pure. The process maturation has given it stable chemical and physical characteristics, along with a controllable, reasonable particle size distribution. The crystalline silica fine powder can also be classified into high purity, electronic grade and general filler grade. The crystalline fine powder is widely utilized.
2. Fused Silica powder
Fused Silica powder This powder is made from high-quality natural Quartz, but it is also a powder that is created by a unique process. In this case, the molecular structures are changed from a regular to a random arrangement. His color is white, has a high purity, and also has characteristics like: low line expansion coefficient, good electromagnetic radiation, chemical stability, such as chemical corrosivity, reasonable or controllable particle sizes. Widely used is the range of molten fine silicon powder.
3. Fang Shiying silicon
Fang Shiying is a silicon powder made by a unique, high-quality process using natural quartz. The crystal structure of the high-purity silica can be permanently changed by rapid cooling after high temperature calcination. Its chemical properties are stable, its particle size is controlled, and it has a reasonable or orderly distribution. It is widely utilized.
4. Active silicon fine powder
The surface of silicon particles is treated with silane to improve the hydrophobic properties. This also enhances the chemical and mechanical properties of the mixture. Surface treatment of fine silicon powder particles is to improve performance of filler system.
As the technology industry continues to advance, species numbers will increase.

The following is a list of the most recent articles about
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The Property And Application of Bismuth Powder

What property does bismuth Powder have?

Bismuth powder Metal bismuth is a metal with a silvery white (pink) to light yellow luster. It has brittle and easily crushed properties. Metal bismuth, a metal that has a brittle and easily broken luster of silvery white to light yellow, is a metal that is stable in the air.Bismuth occurs in the natural state as sulfide Bismuthite (Bi2S3) or oxide Bismuth Oxide (Bi2O3). Bismuth Loess is also formed through oxidation of Bismuthite and bismuth-containing Sulfides. Because bismuth’s melting point is low, it can easily be reduced with charcoal.

When bismuth is heated beyond the melting point it will burn, emitting a light-blue flame and bismuth trioxide. Bismuth powder can also be mixed with sulfur and halogen when red hot. Bismuth powder does not dissolve in water, and it is also insoluble in nonoxidizing acids like hydrochloric. Even concentrated hydrochloric or sulfuric acid reacts only slightly upon heating. But it is soluble with aqua regia, and concentrated nitric acids.

What is the application of bismuth?

1. Additives Metallurgical
A small amount bismuth can be added to steel to improve the performance. Bismuth can also be added to malleable casting iron to give it properties similar to stainless steel.

2. Bi-based Low melting point Fusible Alloy
For cold stamping, thin metal plates are formed using an alloy of bismuth and tin. The alloy can be reused many times because the temperature is no lower than that of the steel mould.
Electric appliances, safety device, automatic device indicators, etc., are all made from a low melting point alloy composed of bismuth, aluminum, tin cadmium and indium.

3. Medical treatment
The astringent action of bismuth medicines is used for surgery to treat hemostasis and trauma.

4. Application of Bismuth in Flame Retardant
Bi203 is the best flame retardant additive. It has a superior effect to Sb203 and is non-toxic and safe. The smoke that is produced during combustion can be extremely harmful and has no effect on the stability of flame retardant products.

5. Use of Bismuth in Chemical Industry
Bismuth Yellow pigment is made from a combination of bismuth vanadate and bismuth mollybdate. It can be used as a substitute for lead, cadmium or other pigments. It is resistant to chemical corrosion on the surface, has good adhesion, and a vibrant color. It does not fade and is difficult to peel off.

6. Electronic ceramics
Electronic ceramics with bismuth powder are a type of scintillation glass used in devices such as nuclear detectors, x ray level scanners.

7. Semiconductor
Air conditioners and refrigerators are assembled using high-purity powders of bismuth combined with tellurium and other elements such as selenium and antimony. Artificial bismuth can be used as a photoresistor in photovoltaics devices, and to increase the sensitivity on the visible spectrum.

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Metastable Phases of Black Arsenic

black arsenic (As(V)) is a poisonous element that exists in nature only in the mineral form of arsenic trioxide. It is toxic to animals and plants and is responsible for numerous health issues in humans including multiple types of cancer, heart disease, lung disease and dementia. Arsenic is also associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and impacts infant growth, development and intelligence (1).

Unlike most other metals, arsenic is extremely difficult to convert into water-soluble or volatile compounds. This is one of the reasons that it has remained persistent in the environment and can be found at many sites, far from its original source. In fact, the majority of arsenic pollution in the world is due to human activities (e.g. mining, melting, land clearing and agriculture).

As a result, many naturally occurring concentrations of arsenic in soil are concentrated in specific areas and are hard to get rid of. This is exacerbated by the fact that arsenic is very mobile and can migrate from site to site, even when its concentrations are low (2).

To overcome this, researchers are exploring metastable phases of solid materials. They do this by using gas-phase reactions, where a solid is heated and the resulting pressure that builds up through sublimation of particles from the material is measured. This allows them to identify which particles enter the gas phase and to study which pathways they take to reach their final stable state. The results of these experiments provide fundamental academic knowledge, but they can also help in developing targeted synthetic pathways for desirable metastable phases. This is especially important for the production of innovative materials, since it is often the case that metastable phases have interesting properties (3).

Gold Tubes Found in a Burial Mound Near Maikop, Namibia, May Have Been Drinking Straws

Until recently, scientists had no idea what the 5,500-year-old gold tubes found in a burial mound near Maikop were for. Now, it turns out that the items may have been drinking straws—the oldest-known ones ever discovered. Archaeologists made this conclusion after discovering traces of ancient beer in the residue lining the tubes’ inner walls, reports the Washington Post.

A2900: The rare, high-quality tube from the Genalex “Gold Monarch” series. The tubes are usually engraved with the words “Gold Monarch” and a red Genalex decal logo on the top of the tube. They feature wide black plates, and are known for their high, well-controlled noise specs and audio perfection. Any scarcer and they would be museum pieces!

Royal blue-top Monoject tubes (also called EDTA tubes) contain the anticoagulant EDTA. These tubes are used for blood trace element analysis. Immediately after collecting, invert the tube 6 to 8 times to ensure proper mixing with the anticoagulant.

Serum-separating tubes (also called SSTs, marbelled red and grey tubes or tiger-top tubes) are test tubes for clinical chemistry tests that require serum. The tubes are typically capped with stoppers that are gold, red with a gold ring on top or marbled red and grey. Trademarked versions include Covidien’s “Corvac” tubes and Roche’s “SST” tubes.

The RCA 12AT7 is a rare military type tube with wing shape black plates and a large capital letter “T” in a yellow triangle on the glass. They are a bit scarcer than the A2900, and have thick mica spacers. They also have an audio quality very close to the Genalex Gold Lion, and are a good choice for phono use.

One of the hardest materials – Boron Carbide

Boron carbide (B4C), is among the hardest materials used in manufacturing. Its hard surface and strong chemical bonds minimize wear even in harsh environments. This is why it’s been used to make bulletproof vests, tank armor, and other extreme applications. Its hardness offers excellent protection and its lightweight nature maximizes fluidity. This material also has a high neutron absorbance capacity, making it a good choice for radiation shielding. Therefore, it is widely used in the nuclear and other radiation-producing industries. How is boron carbide used?
Boron carbide (also known as black diamand) is an organic compound. It was discovered by accident in the early 19th century, as a result of research into metal borides. However, scientific research did not start until the 1930s. The reduction of diboron with carbon can be achieved in an electric oven. Boron carbide absorbs a high number of neutrons and does not produce any radioactive isotopes. This makes it an ideal neutron-absorbing material for nuclear power plants. The neutron-absorbing device is responsible for controlling nuclear fission. Boron carbide, which is used in nuclear reactors as controllable rods, is also made into a powder because of its larger surface area. It is used in waterjet cutting and polishing applications due to its high hardness. The powder can be used to dress diamonds.

What is the hardness of boron carbide?
Diamonds do have limitations. And the price is not the only one. Diamonds tend to react chemically and oxidize when heated to high temperatures. Researchers have therefore been looking for (better) materials that are equally hard and can also withstand pressure, temperature, and corrosion. In this field, the majority of research has focused on different materials containing elements C, B, N and O. In general, these elements form short covalent bond with a specific directionality. They are therefore difficult to deform. These elements produce materials that are hard.

Only diamond and cubic boron nitride can surpass it. Only cubic boron and diamond can surpass it. This is why it is used in many extreme applications like bulletproof vests, tank armor, and other forms of protection.

Is boron carbide expensive?
Boron carbide is also used to make tungsten-carbide tools and other wear resistant equipment. The process is time-consuming and energy-intensive, so the cost of boron-carbide products are 10 times higher than those of other ceramic materials which do not resist wear. Because it is cheap and easy to make, boron carbide has become a popular alternative to diamonds and cubic boron. It is used in many places to replace expensive diamonds.

Is boron carbide conductive?
Boron carbide has a melting point of over 2400degC. Its thermoelectric performance in high temperatures above 700degC is also unconventional. It has low electrical resistivity and high Seebeck co-efficient, as well as low thermal conductivity.

Additive Composite of Sweden and Add North 3D, from the United Kingdom, have released a new boron-carbide composite filament that is suitable for radiation shielding. The material is available as Addbor N25 and is composed of boron carbide and a co polyamide matrix.

The new filament created by Additive Composite in Uppsala and Add North 3D, which is a filament developer, leverages anti-radiation qualities of boron carbide, but in a printable format. Uppsala University research also helped to develop the material.
The boron-carbide content of the filament is capable to absorb neutrons from nuclear or research facilities which use radiation sources. Combining the material with an printable polymer matrix allows the Swedish companies to create new products.

Additive composite says: “It is crucial to be able to 3D print complex shapes in order to shield radiation from the stray beams and provide collimated laser beams.”

Adam Engberg, CEO at Additive Composite Uppsala AB said: “Additive Manufacturing is changing the way many products are designed and manufactured.” Addbor N25 is a material that we think contributes to this advancement and can help both the industry and large research institutions to replace toxic substances that may contaminate their environment. “Our new product is one of many radiation shielding materials we are developing.”

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