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Boron Phosphide Used As Semiconductor Material And Optical Material

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What property does boron phosphide have?

Due to different preparation methods, boron phosphide Has red, dark-red, transparent or black crystals, soft brown or amorphous substances. The boron-phosphide chemical properties are stable. It does not dissolve in concentrated hydrochloric or nitric acids, nor does it dissolve in hydrofluoric or sulfuric acids.

Boron phosphide shares many properties with refractory substances. It has similar properties to diamond and boron-nitride, and is harder than silicon carbide. It can have an anti-oxidation property even when heated to a temperature between 800 and 10,000 degrees Celsius in the atmosphere. When boron is heated, the phosphorus in it disappears and a light grey residue forms. Boron-phosphide ignites when placed in a cold environment in bromine, and in a slightly warm state in chlorine. It can decompose by most metals under red heat and at 200degC.

How is boron phosphide used?

The boron film phosphide has superior mechanical properties compared to germanium carbide. It also has the best rain resistance of similar films. This can increase the damage threshold speed of the substrate. In comparison with diamond thin layers, boron-phosphide thin films have better adhesion. They are also more conducive for large-area deposition. In order to reduce the internal stress, boron is a good material for anti-reflection films for infrared windows on high-speed aircraft.

Researchers are increasingly appreciating the protective properties of boronphosphide on other components exposed to harsh environments. Boron-phosphide film is one of best materials for corrosion-resistant films of the infrared windows of submarine telescopes. Once the telescope window is out at sea, it will always be immersed in water. The window should not only have a high transmittance in order to maintain the sensitivity of the photoelectric sensor, but it must also resist corrosion caused by chemicals found in the seawater. The boron film is corrosion resistant and has a good chemical resistance. It can protect the window from seawater erosion, ensuring the original optical performance.

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Zinc Sulfide Overview and its properties

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Zinc Sulfide Zinc sulfide The chemical formula for ZnS is ZnS. Its molar weight is 97.47g/mol. ZnS’s chemical structure is very simple. It consists of zinc metal bound to sulfur by a polar covalent link. It is found as the mineral, sphalerite. This mineral, although usually black due to impurities, is white and is widely used in pigments. In its dense, synthetic form, zinc sulfur can be transparent. This is why it’s used in optical windows for both visible and IR optics. Zinc Sulfide is yellowish white powder that appears in a liquid. It is not soluble in liquid water and is denser. The main hazard to the environment. To limit the spread in the environment, immediate action should be taken. It is easily absorbed by the soil, contaminating nearby groundwater and waterways.
There are two crystal forms of solid zinc sulfide, alpha and beta, which have hexagonal (wurtzite), respectively, and cubic (sphalerite) structures. Beta crystalline ZnS (sphalerite), the more stable, is found in beta crystalline form.
Zinc sulfide Occurrence:
Zinc sulfide It is found in nature as zinc blende (also called sphalerite), which is a mix of iron and Zinc sulfides. In nature, zinc dioxide is found in the form of “zincite.” Fluorescence occurs when light energy is absorbed then rapidly reemitted. The phosphorescence from zinc sulfide is visible after the UV light has been turned off.

Zinc sulfide Preparation:
Zinc Sulfide may be produced by several simple methods, including the combustion or reaction of zinc and sulfur. Another method is to pass hydrogen sulfide into an aqueous solution with any Zn2+. The insoluble ZnS can be prepared by reacting the zinc oxide with hydrogen sulfur:
ZnO + H2S = ZnS plus H2O
Zinc Sulfide Physical Property:
Zinc Sulfide can be found in two distinct crystal forms. The wurtzite is white or yellowish white crystals. While the sphalerite is greyish white. It has a mass density of 4.09g/mL and a melting temperature of 1.185 degC.
Zinc Sulfide Chemical Property:
Zinc Sulfide Is Insoluble in Water It breaks down in the presence strong acids and oxidizing agents. When heated to temperatures greater than 900 degrees Celsius, it releases sulfur and zinc fumes. It also reacts strongly acidic solutions, releasing hydrogen-sulfide. At a temperature of about 102 degrees Celsius, the beta-crystalline ZnS material (sphalerite), a stable form, transforms into its alpha-crystalline form (wurtzite). ZnS is a luminous material that exhibits phosphorescence under UV light.
Zinc sulfide Uses:
Zinc Sulfide is used in many applications because of its luminescent quality. It is used to make electroluminescent and phosphorescent materials. Zinc Sulfide, also known as zinc sulfide, is used for optical lenses and windows, as well infrared optic material. It’s also a wide bandgap semiconductor, and an effective photo catalyst.
The most common usage of ZnS As a pigment in paints, rubbers, and plastics. Lithopone (a mixture of ZnS, barium, and sulfate) is widely used as a pigment in low-gloss enamels. ZnS can be used for a variety of electronic and decorative uses because it is phosphorescent.
Zinc sulfide hazards:
Zinc Sulfide exposure is not harmful to humans. It mainly causes irritations of the respiratory tract, skin and eyes. This is a serious environment hazard because it is highly toxic for aquatic organisms.

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Germanium oxide mainly used to make metal germanium and also used as spectral analysis and semiconductor material

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Overview of germanium oxide Germanium dioxide, also known as germanium dioxide (GeO2) has the same electronic formula as carbon dioxide. The powder is white or colorless. The hexagonal crystal system is soluble in water at low temperatures (stable) but insoluble. The transformation temperature is 10.33. It is used in the production of metal germanium and as a semiconductor and spectral material.

Is germanium dioxide acidic or alkaline
It is actually a weak acid. Oxides of germanium and tin; amphoteric compounds. The Edexcel specification appears to include tin oxide which may be of greater importance, but excludes germanium oxide which is totally unimportant.
Germanium dioxide, although it is low-toxic in small doses, can be toxic to the kidneys at higher levels.
Germanium oxide is used in “miracle” cures and certain dietary supplements. High doses cause germanium poisoning.
Is germanium dioxide amphiphilic?
Germanium monoxide GeO (Germanium Oxide) is a mixture of germanium with oxygen. Is germanium dioxide ionic? Germanium oxide is a chemical compound that has the formula GeO2. It is ampholy soluable in acid as germanium salt (II), and soluble with alkali in “tri-hydro germanate”, or in “germanate”, which contains Ge (OH) 3 ion.

What is germanium oxide made of?
Hexagonal and tetragonal hexagonal crystals share the same structure of b quartz. In rutile super-quartz, germanium coordinates six. Germanium dioxide can be converted from one structure to another by applying high pressure. Amorphous Germanium Dioxide is converted to a six-coordinated structure. Germanium oxide with a hexagonal structure has a higher water solubility than rutile-structured germanium dioxide. Germanic Acid is formed when Germanium Dioxide with a Rutile Structure interacts with water. When germanium oxide and germanium powder is heated at 1000degC together, germanium monooxide can be produced.

How is the germanium oxide prepared?
Germanium oxide is also used to produce polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) resin and other compounds of germanium. It is a raw materials for the production certain phosphors or semiconductor materials.
The germanium is melted and heated to oxidize it. As a result of the polymerization of metal germanium, and other germanium-based compounds, optical glass phosphors can be produced. These can then be used to produce a catalyst for conversion in oil refining, dehydrogenation or gasoline ratio adjustment.
The germanium oxide is also used as a polymerization catalyst. Glass that contains germanium dioxide is highly dispersed and has high refractive properties. It can also be used to make wide-angle lenses and cameras. In the past few decades, the technology has advanced to the point that germanium dioxide can be used in many different industries, including the pharmaceutical industry, the production of PET resins and electronic equipment, as well the manufacture of germanium compounds and high-purity metallic germanium. Like organic germanium (Ge-132), it is toxic and shouldn’t be taken.

What are the applications of germanium dioxide?
The glass oxide of germanium, GeO2, is also transparent to infrared light. Infrared glass is used for night vision cameras, thermal imaging, and luxury vehicles. GeO2 has the highest mechanical strength of any other infrared-transparent glass. It is therefore ideal for rugged military uses.

The optical materials used for fibers, waveguides and other optical devices are a mixture (silicon-germanium) of silicon dioxide and Germanium dioxide. By controlling the ratio between elements, the refractive indices can be controlled precisely. Glass made of silicon germanium has a greater refractive index and lower viscosity than glass made from pure silicon. Germania replaces the titanium dioxide silica as the dopant of silica fibers. This eliminates the need for heat treatment which can make the fibers brittle.

Germanium oxide can be used to produce polyethylene terephthalate, and also other germanium compounds. It can be used as a source of raw materials for certain semiconductors and phosphors.

Germanium dioxide, also known as germanium dioxide, is used to prevent undesirable diatom growth. The contamination of fast-growing diatoms can inhibit or interfere with the growth rate of original algae strains. Diatoms absorb GeO2, and the biochemical process in diatoms is altered to replace silicon with germanium. As a result, the growth rate for diatoms can be significantly reduced or even eliminated. For this application and depending on the type of contamination and the stage of the contamination, the concentrations of germanium oxide used in the medium are usually between 1 mg/L to 10mg/L.

A fast charge/discharge and wide-temperature battery with a Germanium Oxide layer on a TiC Matrix MXene as anode

It is important to have a rapid charge/discharge second battery in electric vehicles and portable electronic devices. Germanium has a greater potential for fast charge/discharge than other intercalation battery types due to its metallic property and ease of alloying reaction. A 2D composite electrode with a homogeneous and amorphous GeO layer, bonded to TiC MXenes, was successfully developed by industry in order to accommodate a volume change over 300%. The MXene matrix has an expanded interlayer area that accommodates a restricted isotropic growth from the ultrathin, stress-released GeO layer. A battery with a charge/discharge speed of 3 minutes at 20.0 C was able to achieve this due to improved e/Li through both MXene and metallic-reduced Ge. The battery was able to retain a high capacity of 1048.1mAh/g with a Coulombic efficacy (CE), of 99.8%, at 0.5 C. This was after 500 cycles. The capacity under 1.0 C was 929.6mAh/g and the CE was 99.6%. (0.02% capacity degeneration per cycle) After ultra-long cycling (1000 cycles). The capacity almost doubled from 372 mAh/g to 671.6 mAh/g when compared with graphite (at 0.1 C), under 5.0 C, and the capacity reached 300.5 mAh/g after 1000 cycles under 10.0 C. Due to the low energy barrier at the interface, a rapid alloying occurs under cold conditions. This prevents Li plating from occurring on the electrode surface. After 100 cycles, the battery showed high capacities of 631,6, 333,9, and 841,7 mAh/g in -20,-40, and-60 degC. This shows a wide tolerance to temperature. After 200 cycles, a battery with a full cell and LiNiMnCoO was able to achieve a capacity of 536.6 mAh/g. It was also possible to achieve a high retention of capacity for a pouch cell with ten full cycles. This composite has a high-rate capability, as well as a wide temperature range, scalable manufacturing, and comparatively low costs.

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The Property And Application of Nano Silver Colloidal

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Nano silver colloidal The particle size ranges from 1-100nm. The nano-silver particle size is usually between 20 and 50 nanometers. However, some particles can be smaller than 5 nanometers. It is effective against 650 types of bacteria and doesn’t produce drug resistance.

The Property of Nano Silver Colloidal

1. Broad-spectrum Antibacterial Nano-silver is a metal that acts on cell membrane proteins, which can destroy the bacterial membrane. It can also combine with oxygen metabolism (-SH) enzymes to block the absorption of nutrients for growth by bacteria.

2. Strong Permeability
Nano silver particles are highly permeabile and can easily penetrate the skin for sterilization. They also have a great sterilization impact on bacteria such as common, stubborn, drug-resistant and fungal infections.

3. Strong sterilization
Silver and silicon are used to kill more than 600 different types of bacteria. The complex combines nano-silver with the cell walls of bacteria quickly to achieve an effective bactericidal action.

4. Durable, antibacterial and washable
Nano-silver polymerizes to create a ring structure on the textile surface, which makes it durable and machine washable.

5. Repeatability
Silver nanoparticles can be released from the membrane of cells after they combine with oxygen metabolism (-SH).

6. Non-toxic and safe
Silver is non-toxic and raw. According to the US Public Health Service’s “Investigation Report on Silver Toxicity” in 1990: Silver has no side effects on people. Nano-silver, a topical medication with a low silver content, is also safe. This is the most safest method of taking medication.

7. No resistance
Nano silver, which is not an antibiotic, has a unique antibacterial mechanism that can kill bacteria directly and quickly, thus preventing them from reproducing. This means that the next generation cannot be produced, and can therefore effectively avoid repeated drug-resistant attacks.

The Application of Nano Silver Colloidal

Essentials for daily life
Nano silver can also be used to spray on various paper and textile products, as well as soaps, face masks and scrubbing agents.

Chemical Building Materials
Nano silver is added to paints based on water, solid liquid paraffins (liquid paraffin), inks and various organic solvents.

Medical and health care:
Nano-silver can be used to make medical rubber tubes, medical gauze and antibacterial drugs for women.

Ceramic products
The tableware and sanitary ware can be made from nano-silver antibacterial. It can be manufactured.

Plastic products
Add nano silver to various plastics, such as PE and PP, PET, ABS etc. Antibacterial properties can be achieved by adding nano silver to plastic products such as PE, PP, PC and PET.

Tech Co., Ltd. is a professional nano silver colloidal Over 12 years in research and product development. You can contact us for high quality colloidal nano-silver. Contact us Send an inquiry.

Talk about the significant advantages of materials made of tungsten carbide

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What is tungsten carbide? Tungsten carburide (chemical symbol: WC), is a carbide containing the same number of carbon and tungsten atoms. The most basic form is a fine gray dust, but can be shaped through a sintering process. It’s used in industrial machinery and cutting tools as well as abrasives.

Is tungsten carbide better than tungsten?
Tungsten carburide is a dense, grayish-blue metal that decomposes instead of melting at 2600degC. It is made by heating powdered carbon black and tungsten at 1,400deg-1600degC (2.550deg-2.900degF) with hydrogen.
Tungsten carburide is similar to tungsten in many ways, including its durability, strength and melting point. However, it’s a much better metal. Tungsten is Mohs 7.5. Tungsten carbide has a high scratch resistance of Mohs 8 to 9 and is used as the hardest metal in jewelry.

Does tungsten carbide have a higher strength than steel?
In its single carbide form (the chemical formula for WC), tungsten can compete with diamond as the hardest known material. Its impact resistance, toughness and scratch/scratch/erosion resistance are excellent, and its service life under extreme conditions is 100 times that of steel.

Tungsten carbide is the hardest metal on earth. Tungsten-carbide jewelry is comparable to gold and platinum, and it is also lightweight and moderately priced. Tungsten’s hardness means it will not bend. This will prevent the ring from deforming unexpectedly, and causing further damage to your finger. The top tungsten-carbide ring won’t lose its luster.

Why are tungsten carbid rings so cheap?
Because of the reduced amount of labor, tungsten ring prices are low. This will cause a drop in the level of precision and maintenance in ring production, resulting in a lower quality.
How do you verify that the tungsten-carbide ring is genuine?
To test your ring, try to mark and apply it. If the ring resists marking it, you’ve made a great choice. If it becomes dirty quickly and loses its luster in a matter of minutes, the product is not good.

The high melting point, hardness and durability of tungsten carbide also have many beneficial applications in our daily lives. There are many other benefits of tungsten carbide than just rings.

1. The tungsten carbide brake system has been changed by Porsche
The rotors coated with tungsten carbide will perform better, wear less, produce less brake dust, and have no rust.

The brake discs in most modern vehicles are made from carbon ceramic or cast iron. Porsche, however, has implemented a new brake disk made from tungsten carbide. This will revolutionize this industry.

The Porsche Surface Coated Brake, or PSCB is an iron brake rotor which has been coated with tungsten carbide at a high temperature. The coating has a density of 0.1 mm and is thick. Porsche claims that despite the thinness of the useful materials, the rotor’s service life is 30 percent longer than an iron one.

Jason Fenske is also a road-and-track contributor who said that the brake dust generated by PSCB was reduced by around 90% because the rotors wear very little during their lifetime. The tungsten carbide can also lower the temperature of the rotor after repeated hard braking.

2. EDC gear with tungsten carbide (hardness of 3.5 times titanium) will allow the entire service lifetime

The tungsten carbide hardness is 3.5x that of titanium. This makes it the strongest metal on earth, and similar to black-gold in the EDC realm. Any gear can be coated with tungsten carbide. It is black and shiny like obsidian. They are almost indestructible and resistant to external wear. Wingback’s Black Steel products are designed Alasdair macLaine, and they have three features that do not meet the minimum requirement. You will find them indispensable in your daily life. The bullet-sized cache key can be used as an emergency money storage on your keychain. The mechanical pen will also become your last pen.

MacLaine’s hip flask 100ml has the same design of cylindrical lathe as the other products. This hip flask is unique in its appearance and functionality, thanks to the innovative baton-shaped design. It can be used as a corkscrew and for storing liquids.

All Black Steel Products are manufactured by precision stainless steel lathes in the UK. A revolutionary process, called magnetron spraying, is then used to coat the magic tungsten-carbide surface with 3um of thickness. Due to the steel structure underneath the black coating, the product has a very clear shine. You can laser engrave personalized and customized inscriptions onto your products, revealing shiny steel underneath the black coating.
(aka. Technology Co. Ltd., a trusted global chemical supplier & manufacturer has over 12 years experience in providing high-quality nanomaterials and chemicals. Our Tungsten-Carbide Powder is of high purity and fine particle size. Contact us if you need to.

Do you know the properties of europium oxide and dysprosium oxide?

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What is the dysprosium oxid? Dysprosium oxide Dy2O3 has the chemical compound Dy2O3 as its formula. The white powder is slightly hygroscopic. It absorbs carbon dioxide easily when exposed to air. Magnetism can be many times more powerful than high iron oxide. It is soluble in acid and ethanol. Mostly used in lighting sources.
What are the effects of dysprosium Oxide?
As an additive to glass, neodymium ferroboron permanent magnets and dysprosium as a raw material. Also, it is used for yttrium-iron or yttrium-aluminum garnets, metal halide lamp, magnetooptical memory material, and the atomic energy industry. Dysprosium can be added to neodymium, iron and boron permanent magnetic materials. Adding 2 to 3 percent of dysprosium will increase the magnet’s coercivity. Previously, dysprosium wasn’t in high demand, but now that magnets are more popular, the element is a must-have. Its grade needs to be between 95 and 99.9%. Dysprosium Oxide is used as a source for dysprosium and as an additive in neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets. It can also be used for metal halide lights, magnetooptical memory materials and yttrium or yttrium aluminium garnet.

Introduction to Europium Oxide
Europium Oxide This powder is pale red. The relative densities is 7.42. The melting temperature is 2002 degrees. Insoluble in acid, but soluble with water. It can absorb both carbon dioxide and water from the air.

How to make the europium dioxide
Extraction Method: Take the solution of rare earth chloride, obtained by processing mixed or monazite rare earth ore. Extraction with P204-kerosene-HCL-ReCl3 system, the first grouping of neodymium and samarium, the raffinate is used to extract light rare earth, samarium and heavy rare earth are extracted into the organic phase, and then the middle rare earth are back-extracted with 2.0mg/L HCl to obtain a medium After the rare earth samarium enrichment is reduced by zinc powder, europium is extracted by the alkalinity method and then precipitated with oxalic acid, separated, dried, and burned to obtain europium oxide.

Is europium oxide toxic?
The salt of rare Earth elements can inhibit the production of fibrinogen and reduce the content of Prothrombin. It also precipitates fibrinogen and catalyzes the decomposition phosphoric acids compounds. The toxicity decreases with increasing atomic weight. Gas masks are required to be worn when working. Radioactivity requires special protection. It is important to prevent dust from spreading.

Store Europium Oxide & Dysprosium Oxide
The product should be kept in a sealed, cool, and dry environment. It shouldn’t be exposed to the atmosphere. Also, it is best to avoid using heavy pressure when transporting the item.

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What are the Main Application Areas of Boron Carbide

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What is Boron Carbide?

Boron carburide (also known as black diamand) is a substance that has the molecular formula B4C. It’s a gray-black fine powder. It is among the three hardest substances known (the two others being diamond and cubic boron-nitride). Tank armor, bulletproof vests, and other industrial uses are all made of it. Boron carbide absorbs a lot of neutrons but does not produce radioisotopes. This makes it an ideal neutron absorption material for nuclear power plants. Neutron absorbers are used to regulate the rate of nuclear fusion. Boron carbide, which is used in nuclear reactors, is mostly made in a controlled rod shape. But sometimes it’s made as powder due to the increased surface area.

What are the main applications of Boron Carbide?

(1) The field is national defense. Bullet-proofing has been done with boron carbide ceramics since the 1960s. Comparing it to other materials, its characteristics are easy portability and high toughness. It plays an important role in the lightweight armour of armed aircraft and the bulletproof body armor of helicopters. The British used this material as a raw materials to manufacture armor that can protect against armor piercing projectiles.


(2) In terms of raw chemical materials. To increase the wear-resistance and strength of alloys boron carbide has been used as an agent to boronize alloys. This can be done on the metal surface by generating a thin layer iron boride.


(3) Wear-resistant field. Boron carbide ceramics are visible in a number of industrial nozzles. These include desander nozzles to remove rust and nozzles designed for high-pressure water gun cutting. They are often chosen by factories for their durability under extreme conditions, and cost-effectiveness. . It can also be used to avoid pollution due to abrasive waste during grinding. As a diamond abrasive substitute, boron carbide can be used to reduce the cost of processing various metals as well as jade glass.


(4) Nuclear energy. Because of its excellent capacity to absorb neutrons, boron carbide is often used as a neutron absorption rod, safety rod and other components in order to control nuclear fission rate and protect human safety.


(5) Aviation. The gyroscope, which is an essential component of the navigation system for aircrafts, can be effectively extended by using boron-carbide as a material additive.


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Graphite is One of the Most Versatile Non-Metallic Materials in the World

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Graphite, while as hard as a diamond, is also lightweight, soft and heat resistant due to its unique structural properties. It is the most common non-metallic material in the entire world. Graphite, also known as Plumbago during ancient times, was a non-metallic mineral. It is an allotrope of carbon and a semi-metal. Graphite is most stable under standard conditions. In thermochemistry, graphite is used to determine the standard state for forming the heat in carbon compounds. Graphite can be considered as the highest grade coal. Anthracite and meta-bituminous are the next two grades, but they are not typically used for fuels because they’re difficult to ignite.

Types of Graphite

The three types of graphite that are found in various deposits can be divided into:

Flake graphite

Flake graphite is a flat, hexagonal-edged plate. It can have irregular or angular edges if it does not break. It is found in metamorphic rock, like limestone, gneiss or schist. The crystals are either evenly distributed throughout the ore or concentrated in pockets.

This is an uncommon form of graphite
Carbon ranges from 85-98%.
There are four standard sizes: large, super large and fine
Graphite can be used for new technologies, including anodes for lithium-ion batteries.

Amorphous graphite

Amorphous graphite is a very fine crystalline particle found in rocks such as coals, slates, and shale. Carbon content depends on its parent material. It is found in coal as a result of the thermal metamorphism and is known as meta-anthracite. Because it is harder to burn than coal, it’s not used for fuel.

This is the most abundant type of graphite
Low carbon content 70-80%
Lowest purity
Useful for brake pads, clutch materials, gaskets, and refractory pencil leads.

Vein graphite (or lump graphite)

According to some scientists, vein graphite can be made from crude oils that are transformed into graphite by temperature and pressure. Riddle said that the veins “are very small, measuring between 5 to 10 centimeters” and are typically 70 to 99+ percent pure. It’s rare and expensive.
The only place where the mines are currently active is Sri Lanka
Limit the durability of most applications.

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Calcium Chloride Solution Formula

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Known by the chemical formula CaCl2, calcium chloride is an ionic compound of calcium and chlorine. It has no odor and is a solid white crystalline salt at room temperature. It is also called anhydrous calcium chloride or calcium dichloride. It is produced naturally in small amounts from the evaporation of natural brines, as well as by reacting calcium hydroxide with ammonium chloride in Solvay soda ash production and by reacting magnesium hydroxide with sodium hydroxide. It can also be made synthetically. Because it is hygroscopic and deliquescent, it can absorb moisture from the air and help keep food dry, making it ideal for packing. It is also used to prevent ice formation in deicing and as a water treatment agent.

Calcium chloride solutions have high densities, which are beneficial in oil and gas drilling. To make a solution, wear gloves and place limestones in a beaker until it is filled to a fourth of its capacity. Add HCl (hydrochloric acid) to the beaker and gently mix the contents. As soon as the reaction stops bubbling, filter off the particles by pouring the solution through a piece of filter paper. This will leave a second beaker containing solid calcium chloride, which should be warmed.

When it is mixed with water, calcium chloride forms a crystal that tastes very salty. It is often added to sports drinks to replace electrolytes lost during exercise and in cooking as a firming agent. It is also used in medical care to treat low calcium levels, such as tetany. Its irritant properties and exothermic reaction when it mixes with water make it dangerous to handle. Large amounts can cause burning of the mouth or esophagus.

Titanium nitride Characteristics and Application

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What is Titanium nitride (TiN)? Titanium Nitride (TiN) is a very hard ceramic, sometimes called Tinite, that’s used as a surface coating for titanium alloys, steels, carbides, and aluminum to improve their surface properties.
The thin coating of TiN, due to its golden color, is used as a protective and hardening layer for cutting and sliding surfaces. In addition, it can also be used as an exterior surface for medical implants that are non-toxic. In the majority of applications, a thin coating less than 5 millimeters is applied.

Characteristics of titanium Nitride
Titanium Nitride possesses a Vickers Hardness of 1800-2100. It also has a Modulus of Elasticity of 251 GPa. A thermal expansion coefficient is 9.35×10-6 K-1 and a transition temperature to superconductivity of 5.6 K.
Titanium Nitride is oxidized at 800 degC when in a normal environment. Titanium Nitride appears golden when applied to a surface. It has a brownish color. Laboratory tests show that it is chemically inert at 20 degC. However, with increasing temperatures, concentrated acid solutions can slowly attack the material. Titanium Nitride has a coefficient friction of 0.4-0.9, depending on its surface finish and substrate. The typical TiN structure is NaCl type with a 1:1 stoichiometry. However, TiNx with x between 0.6 and 1.2 is thermodynamically stabile.
TiN superconducts at cryogenic temperature, with critical temperatures as high as 6.0 K in single crystals. Superconductivity in thin-film TiN has been studied extensively, with the superconducting properties strongly varying depending on sample preparation, up to complete suppression of superconductivity at a superconductor-insulator transition. After a thin layer of TiN had been chilled to almost absolute zero, it was transformed into the world’s first superinsulator. Its resistance increased by a factor 100,000.

Titanium Nitride Applications
TiN coated drill bit
Gerber pocketknife coated with dark gray TiCN
It is well known that TiN The coating improves the lifetime of machine tooling such as milling and drill bits by up to three times.
TiN is widely used for decorating automotive trim and costume jewelry because of the metallic gold colour. TiN can also be used on door and plumbing hardware as a decorative top-layer, often with nickel or chromium plated surfaces. It’s used in military and aerospace applications to protect sliding surfaces such as suspension forks on bicycles and motorbikes and shock shafts in radio-controlled cars. As it is so durable, TiN can also be used as a coating for the moving parts on many rifles and semiautomatic weapons. The coating is not only extremely durable but also very smooth. This makes removing carbon build-up a breeze. TiN, which is non-toxic and meets FDA guidelines has been used to coat medical devices, such as orthopedic bone saw blades and scalpel knives, when edge retention and sharpness were important. The TiN coatings were also used to coat implanted medical implants (especially hip implants) and prostheses.
Although thin films are not as visible, they still have a similar effect. TiN In microelectronics they are used as diffusion barriers to stop the diffusion of metal into silicon. TiN is classified in this context as a “barrier metal” (electrical conductivity 25 uO*cm), despite the fact that it is a clear ceramic when viewed from a chemistry and mechanical perspective. Recently, chip design for 45 nm and beyond has also used TiN to improve transistor performance. Combining gate insulators (e.g. HfSiO has a greater permittivity than SiO2 and can therefore be used to reduce gate lengths with better threshold voltage, lower leakage, and higher drive current. TiN thin films may also be used to coat zirconium-alloys for accident resistant nuclear fuels.
TiN layers can be used for electrodes as well in bioelectronics applications, such as in intelligent implants and in-vivo sensors that must resist the corrosion caused by bodily fluids. TiN electrodes have already been applied in the subretinal prosthesis project as well as in biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS).

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