What should oxidation should be applied?

What colour is oxidized when it occurs? Oxidation is a compound that is insoluble when it is mixed with water. The molecular structure of the compound is PR6O11 . It has a fluorite cubic structure and is most stable at room temperature under normal pressure. Oxidation It is a dark powder with the chemical formula Pr6O11. Oxidation, which is not soluble with water but soluble with acid, forms provide and is highly conductive.
Where does the mining take place?
It is found in only two ore types. The most important commercial ore is a viscous, single bacterium. The main mining region is in China. Around 2 million tons of estimated ore are estimated.

How is the PRA PR6O11 oxidation powder produced?
Oxidation oxide nanoparticles may be created by solid-state processes such as thermal degradation, molten sodium, calcination and precipitation. Most methods require a calcination stage to produce crystalline Pr6O11 Nanoparticles.
The Oxide (III or IV) is formed by heating the Air (NO3)3 * 6H2O] and Hydroxide(OH)3 hydroxide to a temperature of 500 degC or more. Some other organic precursors such as acetic and oxalic acids, or propylene are also reported. However, this synthetic method of synthesis is not widely used.
Physical properties of nanoparticles are dependent upon calcination (temperature, time, etc.) and preparation methods. ).

Application of Oxide Powder
1. Primarily used for ceramic building and daily ceramics.
2. It can also be used as a glaze color. The pigment has a pale yellow color that is pure and elegant.
3. Permanent magnets are made using this material.
4. Magnets of various shapes can now be made using this material instead of neodymium metal. Its oxygen resistance and mechanical characteristics have been greatly improved.
5. Electric motors and electronic devices are widely used.
6. Also used to crack oil.

Oxidation Price Trend
Yesterday, it was 61.08. On April 19, 2020, the index of oxidation commodity was 61.08. The cycle reached its highest point (2011-09-27) and dropped by 42.2%. Its lowest point was 32.95 points on June 8, 2021. 85.37 %.
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How Does the Heat-spreading Graphite Film Save an Over-heating Mobile Phone?

The heat dissipation problem of smart phones continues to be a major issue.
In general, thermal management for electronic products and smart phones depends on the use of micron-thick graphite sheets. Their excellent thermal conductivity allows them to neutralize the heat produced by the surrounding components.

The production of micron thick films with high quality is not an easy task. It is a complex process. The material must be able to resist temperatures of up to 3200degC (5792-degF) in order to create a thin film with a thickness around several Microns. This complicated method, which uses polymers as a source material to produce graphite films, is energy intensive.

Recently, researchers from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST in Saudi Arabia developed a more efficient method of producing these graphite cooling device.



The research team used the technique of chemical vapor deposition to grow nanothick graphite film (NGF) onto nickel foil. This technique uses nickel to catalyze the conversion of methane gases into its surface. graphite. It is important to note that the graphite formed on the surface is only 100 micrometers thick.

The team refers to these films as nano-thick (NGFs), and they are made by heating the material up to about 900degC. Graphite film is created on both sides of foil in this process. It can be grown into sheets measuring 55 centimeters square (8.52 inches). These films are easily extracted and can be transferred to another surface.

Alessandro Genovese is an expert in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The researchers collaborated with him to capture a TEM cross-sectional image of NGF deposited on the surface of nickel. The researchers stated that the ability to observe the interface of graphite and nickel foils is a unique achievement. It will clarify the mechanism by which these films grow.

NGF is not only a better and cheaper solution for materials that will be used in future mobile phones for thermal management, but it can also be used in solar cells, or for detection. Sensor material used for NO2 gas.

His research was published in the journals Nanotechnology and Science Reports.

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Boron Carbide and Silicon Can Make Body Armor More Impact

Boron Carbide – What is it and what does it do?

Boron carburide also known by the name black diamond has a molecular formula of B4C. It is usually a gray or black powder. It is one the three hardest substances known. It’s used in many industrial applications, including tank armor and body shields.

Upgrade to High-grade Body armor

In the past 12 year, researchers have looked for ways to reduce damage caused by bullets traveling at high speeds hitting armor made from boron carbide. Dr. Kelvin Yu Xie Assistant Professor of Materials Science and Engineering said: “Our research has now met this need. This is an important step toward designing advanced body armor to protect against powerful weapons in battle.

Boron carbide has been called a “black diamand” and is only second in hardness to cubic boron. The boron-carbide armor material is lighter and harder than silicon carbide and easier to mass produce.


Boron Carbide Body Armor Lack

According to Texas A&M University’s research, the main drawback of boron carbide is that it can easily be damaged by high-speed impacts. Xie, in a recent statement, said: “Boron carbide is really effective at stopping bullets traveling at 900 meters per seconds. It can therefore effectively block the majority of pistol bullets. If the speed is exceeded, then boron carbide will lose its trajectory. “Performance is less effective.”


Scientists have discovered that high-speed vibrating boron carbide will lead to a phase shift. One of these changes will alter its internal structure, and it will present in two or more states at once. The bullet’s impact transforms boron carbide from a systematically organized crystalline state into a disorderly-arranged glass state. The contact area between the bullets and the boron-carbide is weakened by this glass-like condition.

Boron Carbide Plus Silica: Benefits

Xie explained: “When boron carbide undergoes a state change, its glassy form creates a path that cracks can follow. Any damage caused locally by the bullet’s impact will spread to the entire material. .”


Previous computer simulations suggested that small amounts other elements could make boron carbide less brittle. The researchers used a diamond tip to create controllable dents in boron carbide samples. This was done to simulate the initial impact from a high speed bullet. They used a powerful electron microscope to see the micro-damage caused by the impact.


Xie, his colleagues and their research showed that the amount of phase changes was reduced by 30% even if there is a low silicon content. This reduces indentation damage by a significant margin. Xie says that while silicon may enhance the properties boron carbide, further experiments are necessary to find out if other elements also can improve boron carbonide’s properties.


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What are the main aerosol methods for producing metal alloy powders

Gas atomization, or gas atomization, is a method used to create metal alloy powders. Gas atomization works by breaking up the liquid metal stream with high-speed airflow into small drops and then solidifying it into powder. Powder preparation has been a major development area for special alloy and high-performance powders due to its benefits of high purity and low oxygen content. It also offers controllable particle size, low cost, and high sphericity. The following are some representative gas atomization techniques for powder production:
Laminar atomization flow technology

The German company etc. proposed the laminar atomization technique. This technology offers significant improvements over conventional nozzles. The atomizing nozzle is characterized by high atomization efficiency and narrow powder particle distribution. It also has a cooling speed between 106-107K/s. The copper, aluminum and 316L stainless-steel, etc., can be atomized under a 2.0MPa atomization force. Ar or Nitrogen is used to atomize the powder, with an average particle diameter of 10mm. It is a process that produces most metal powders and has a low gas usage. The technical control of this process is difficult. It is also unstable. And the output (metal mass flow rate less than 1kg/min), is low. This is not suitable for industrial production.

Ultrasonic tightly combined atomization technology

Close-coupled atomization using ultrasonic technology improves the design of a ring-slot nozzle to increase the flow rate and mass of metal. When atomizing high-surface energy metals like stainless steel, the average size of the particles can reach around 20mm and the standard deviation can be as little as 1.5mm.

The technology can be used to produce amorphous, fast cooling powder or powder that is cooled quickly. The current development of this equipment shows that it is the next step in the development of tightly coupled technology. It can be applied to a wide range of materials such as alloy powders and micro stainless steel.

Hot gas atomization

A US company has been conducting extensive research in recent years to determine the mechanism and effect of hot-gas atomization. In the United States, a company heated gas to 200-400degC under pressure of 1.72MPa to atomize the silver alloy and gold alloy. It found that the particle size and standard deviation decreased as the temperature increased. The hot gas atomization process is more efficient than traditional atomization, consumes less gas, and can be easily implemented on conventional atomization machines. This is a promising technology.

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Boron Nitride Powder Properties And Applications

Boron nitride The first application of hexagonal boron nitride was as a high-temperature lubricant. As a high-temperature grease, hexagonal boron was the first application. White graphite is a common name because of its similarity to graphite in terms of both its structure and properties.

Boron Nitride Powder Properties

Boron Nitride is resistant to corrosion by chemicals and mineral acids. It is also not affected by water and does no corrode. The boron and nitrogen bond is broken by hot concentrated alkali. Boron Nitride begins to oxidize at temperatures above 1200degC. It decomposes around 2700degC in vacuum. Boron Nitride is slightly soluble when heated acid is used, but insoluble with cold water.

Compared to carbon materials, boron nitride has better properties. The following properties are found in hexagonal boron Nitride: Low friction coefficient; good high temperature stability; good thermal shock resistance; high strength; high thermal conductivity.


The most common boron system is hexagonal, with a graphite structure. There are also amorphous variations.

Boron nitride Powder Applications

Cubic-boron nitride has a high heat resistance in addition to its excellent wear resistance. It can cut heat resistant steels, ferroalloys or hardened steels. At a relatively high temperature, it can cut Si-Al and Si-Cr alloys and chilled rolls with high hardness.

As a wide-band-gap (band-gap of 6.4 eV), semiconductor material, cubic boron nitride is characterized by high thermal conductivity. Also, it has high resistance, good mobility, low dielectric, and high breakdown electric fields. They all share a wide band-gap, which makes them ideal for electronics that operate in extreme environments.

In comparison with SiC or GaN, diamond and cubic boron nitride have superior properties. They are more mobile, have a greater breakdown electric field, and have a lower dielectric constant. Diamond and cBN are superior materials for extreme electronics.

Due to its high hardness, cubic-boron film is ideal for optical applications. Its high transmittance over the entire range of wavelengths from ultraviolet (approximately at 200 nm), to far infrared makes it suitable as a coating of window materials, such as zinc selenide(ZnSe) or zinc sulfide(ZnS).

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An Important Structural Ceramic Material Silicon Nitride Powder

Silicon nitride Powder Inorganic substance Si3N4 has the chemical formula. This is an important ceramic structural material, with high hardness.

Silicon Nitride Properties:

Powdered silicon nitride can be gray, off-white or white. It is a compound with a melting point of zero and strong resistance against high temperature creep. The load softening of reactive sintered Silicon Nitride without a Binder is above 1850degC.
It has two hexagonal crystal structures, a andb. Its decomposition is 1850degC when exposed to 110MPa of nitrogen and 1800degC with air. The powder is characterized by a low thermal coefficient and a high thermal conductivity.

Other than hydrofluoric acid or hot phosphoric, silicon nitride has a high corrosion resistance.

Silicon Nitride Application:

Due to its excellent properties, silicon nitride is often used in the manufacture of bearings. Other mechanical components, such as turbine blades or mechanical seal rings are also made from this material. The heating surfaces of engine parts can be made from silicon nitride materials, which resist high temperatures and are difficult to transfer heat.

The material silicon nitride, which is a high grade refractory, is widely used. SI3N4 refractory material is used for blast furnace bodies, and other parts. SI3N4 BN horizontal continuous cast separation ring has a fine-structured ceramic material, with a uniform structure and remarkably high mechanical strength.

Silicon nitride can be used as a ceramic material for high temperature engineering components, advanced materials in metallurgical industries, sealing and anti-corrosion materials in chemical industries, cutting and tooling in the machining industry and more.

The silicon nitride used for ultra-high temperatures gas turbines, aircraft, electric heaters, etc. can also be found in solar cells.

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SiC mainly has functional ceramics, advanced refractories, abrasives and metallurgical raw materials four functional areas

What is silicon carbide? Is silicon carbide natural? It is a chemical formula that can be used to make silicon carbide. Quartz sand, coal coke, wood chips, and petroleum coke are all raw materials. In nature, silicon carbide can also be found in the rare mineral moissanite. In C,N,B and other nonoxide high tech refractory raw material, silicon carbide can be called refractory or gold steel sand. China’s silicon carbide industrial production is divided between black silicon and green silicon, both of which are hexagonal crystalline, have specific gravity 3.20 to 3.25, microhardness 2840-3320kg/mm2.

What is the purpose of silicon carbide?
As well as being an abrasive and a semiconductor of gemstone quality, silicon carbide also serves as a diamond imitator. Combining silica sand with carbon at temperatures between 2,910 deg F and 2,500 deg F is the easiest way to produce silicon carbide.
Is silicon carbide expensive?
Silicon carbide ceramics are non-oxide ceramics used in various products. They must be used with thermal (high temperature, thermal shock) or mechanically demanding applications. The best properties of single-crystal SiC are expensive but it is difficult to produce.

Is silicon carbide dangerous?
Silicon carbide can cause nose and eye contact. * Repetitive high-temperature contact with silicon carbide can cause pulmonary emphysema (a chronic lung disease), chest X ray changes, decreased lung function, shortness, wheezing or coughing.

How hard does silicon carbide get?
It has a rating of 9 which is very close to the diamond rating. The cracking properties of silicon carbide crystals make them an excellent choice for grinding wheels and abrasive cloth and paper products.

How can you make homemade Silicon Carbide?
Acheson’s graphite resistance oven heats the carbon and silica to high temperature. It may be a fine or sticky mass, which is crushed and ground into powder before being used in powder feedstock.

How to make silicon carbid crucibles?
The silicon-carbide crucible consists of graphite and silicon carbide. Tar or synthetic resins serve as the bonding materials. These crucibles mainly melt non-ferrous materials such as brass and copper.
For a basic crucible you’ll need 30 to 50 percent (by mass) of flake carbon and 10 to 50 percent silicon carbide. Be sure to include high-heat kaolin in your recipe for a crucible that can withstand heat.

Tesla’s Silicon Carbide Inverter, a Power Electronics Innovation.
Tesla is able to say, just like Presley did in the 1960s that anyone can achieve the greatest, most popular feat. Tesla entered a market and quickly became a top-selling electric vehicle manufacturer. From the US home market to Europe, the United States, South Korea, and China, CEO Elon became the wealthiest person in the world. People.
What is the main difference between Tesla? The “big three” activation method of electric vehicles that is universally used refers to a battery and electric traction motor.

Silicon carbide inverter
In electric vehicles, the power electronics play a critical role in a number of functions. However, the primary converter is perhaps the most important, as it converts DC into three phase AC for the smooth operation of the electric motor. Power switch technology, or transistors, is at the heart of every power electronic device. This technology has evolved over five generations. In today’s market, the silicon rending-gate bipolar transistor (SiIGBT) dominates, and is used in an electric vehicle converter. In the sixth generation of semiconductors, we will use broadband materials such as silicon carbide (SiC), for applications requiring high power and pressure, and gallium-nitride, for voltage reduction and power. The shift allows power modules with higher densities to operate at higher temperature and opens up new material options throughout the power module.

Why does Tesla’s innovation inverter matter?
Well, with the release of article 3 of 2018, Tesla became the first company that added a SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) from ST microelectronics in the internal inverter design. It is not the only innovation, but the design as a whole has been improved beyond using the SiC package. This results in the inverter weighing 4.8kg in 2019, the half of the leaf weighing 11.15kg, less than Jaguar I PACE’s 8.23kg.

SiC MOSFETs were used to create new materials, as the limitations of conventional materials have been stretched. The Cu lead frame, which is the metal structure that contains the remaining signal after the diff, is used to bond the remainder of an inverter with the AL line. This allows for a greater small power density. To handle higher temperatures, the mold attachment material has also moved from conventional solder towards Ag sintered mold attach materials.
What is the meaning of seizing opportunity?
The cost of SiC power modules and MOSFETs has always been an obstacle for other features to be incorporated. Tesla has also solved this issue: in three years, the cost of its inverter dropped dramatically. IDtechex has calculated an experience curve that is based on a 2018 model 3 cost estimate for inverters and a second type of inverters of the 2020 Model Y. You can see that the SiC module in Tesla’s SiC Inverter is the same as the SI IGBT used in 2019 Nissan and Jaguar I-PACE. This means that Tesla’s overall inverter-permanent motor combination is one of the best available on the market. (If not, then it is close), Tesla’s efficiency is 97% and getting more efficient without having to increase expensive battery capacity. The old technology displaces all costs.

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Properties and Uses of Molybdenum Disilicide

What is molybdenum Disilicide (Molybdenum Diilicide)?

The crystal structure of Molybdenum Disilicide is tetragonal. It is the phase of the Mo-Si binary alloy with the most silicon. It is a Dalton-intermetallic compound of a fixed composition. It is gray and has a metallic sheen. It has excellent electrical and thermal properties, good mechanical properties and oxidation resistance at high temperatures. It has a higher performance than silicon carbide and can be used to heat a metal substrate. The first application of this material was to protect metal surfaces from corrosion and heat at high temperatures. It was used as a coating on gas turbine components, jet engine combustion rooms and missile combustion cells. Today, molybdenum-disilicide is used primarily in high temperature heating elements and thermocouple tubes.

Molybdenum diilicide properties

Crystallographic properties It is a tetragonal crystalline structure, with a densities of 5,9-6.3g/cm. Pure molybdenum is stable at high temperatures and does not phase change until it reaches its melting point. Changes in crystallographic property will not affect the temperature change within its maximum effective temperature range.

Thermodynamic properties include melting points up to 2030degC and high thermal conductivity. These are the necessary characteristics for high-temperature heaters or thermocouple tubes. They can also increase their thermal shock resistance.


This material has excellent magnetic properties, including low resistivity (2×10-5O*cm), a high electric rate and a good conductor. This material can be used to manufacture heating elements, thermocouple electroelectrodes or temperature protection tubes.


Mechanical properties are: the tensile and bending strengths are similar to those of general metal materials, as well as some oxide materials such Al2O3. The hardness and compression strength are also superior to that of metals. The biggest disadvantage of metals is their poor impact resistance, which makes them brittle materials like general ceramics. To make cermet, the metal bond is added to the ceramic material in a very small amount, while ensuring that it does not affect its high temperature oxidation resistance.


The chemical state of the substance is acidic. It is not soluble in the majority of acids and alkalis. MoSi2 is most stable refractory material, with the exception of oxide ceramics. MoSi2 has a lower oxidation stability below 1700degC because silicon is only 1% solubilized in molybdenum (1800degC).


Molybdenum Disilicide does not resist high-temperature oxygenation. But at temperatures of 13001600degC it forms a glassy, dense layer of silicon oxide on its surface that inhibits further oxidation. MoSi2 has a high temperature range and is stable not only in an oxidizing medium, but can also be used in neutral, inert or strong corrosive environments. In N2, CO2, So2 and other media the maximum temperature can be 1600.

Uses for molybdenum Disilicide

Molybdenum Disilicide is the silicide with the highest industrial production. Its main products include high-temperature heating tubes and thermocouple protector tubes.


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Potassium Bromide Boiling Point

Potassium bromide is an inorganic salt with the chemical formula KBr. It is a white crystalline solid and is soluble in water. It is used in photography as a photographic intensifier and in chemistry as a solvent and sedative. It also is an anticonvulsant and a pesticide.

The boiling point of potassium bromide is 734 °C. Potassium bromide has the ability to conduct electricity when it is in a molten state or dissolved in water. However, it cannot conduct electricity in its dry form. This is because it will absorb water molecules from the air. Therefore, it is best to store it in a dry place so that it will not hydrate.

In its soluble form, KBr is a strong electrolyte and can be fully dissociated in an aqueous solution. Its structure is ionic, with the potassium and bromine ions being bound together by ionic bonds. The potassium ions have a positive charge and the bromine ions have a negative charge. The ionic bonding allows potassium bromide to dissolve silver ions, which are useful in photography.

Although potassium bromide is used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative, it has some health hazards. If the compound is ingested in large quantities, it can cause severe irritability and confusion. It can also lead to hallucinations, mania, and even coma. It can also irritate the skin, and it is important to wear gloves when handling it. Moreover, potassium bromide can cause damage to the eyes and nose. If the substance is sprayed on the skin, it should be washed off with plenty of water.

The Properties and Application of Gallium Nitride Powder

Gallium nitride The chemical formula of GaN is used to describe an inorganic material. It is made up of gallium and nitrous oxide. Gallium Nitride is a direct-bandgap semiconductor that has been widely used in light emitting diodes (LEDs) since 1990. This compound has high hardness and a similar structure to wurtzite.

Gallium Nitride Properties:

Gallium Nitride is a compound with an extremely high melting temperature. The melting point is around 1700degC. GaN has the highest degree of ionization among Group III and V compounds. GaN has a hexagonal, wurtzite-like structure when under atmospheric pressure.
Gallium nitride, at room temperature, is insoluble in alkali and acid. It dissolves slowly in a hot solution of alkali. The use of NaOH and H2SO4 to corrode GaN crystals with low quality can detect any defects. GaN has unstable properties at high temperature under HCL and H2 gas. It is most stable when under N2 or N2 Gas.

The Application Of Gallium Nitride

Use of gallium nitride in electronic devices
GaN has low heat production rate and a high breakdown field. This material is important for high-temperature, high-power electronics and high-frequency microwave devices. With the advancement of MBE in the application and GaN materials, as well as breakthroughs in key technologies for thin film growth, a variety GaN heterostructures are successfully grown.

The powdered gallium nitride used in optoelectronics
GaN materials are ideal for light-emitting devices with short-wavelength wavelengths. GaN, and its alloys, have a band gap that covers the spectrum from red through to ultraviolet. Since Japan created a homojunction GaN Blue LED in 1991 there have been InGaN/AlGaN Double heterojunction Ultra-bright Blue LEDs, and InGaN Single Quantum Well GaN LEDs. GaN UV detectors are being developed. They will be used in the early warning of missiles and for flame detection.

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