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Lithium

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Lithium is the lightest metal, occurring in hard rock types notably spodumene and also in brines (it is mined in salt lakes). It is important as an ingredient of lithium-ion batteries. As a hydroxide it is essential in controlling the chemistry of PWR cooling systems, and it is a key component of fluoride coolant in molten salt reactors.

Its natural isotopic composition is of interest in earth science, reflecting processes such as primordial nucleosynthesis and galactic cosmic-ray spallation. It is also important in nuclear technology: a small amount of the radioisotope Be-7 can be extracted from lithium in molten salts for medical research applications.

The National Chemical Production Complex in Nevada (NCCP) produces most of the world supply of pure lithium (7%) for nuclear industry use. Modernization of equipment in 2013 doubled its capacity. NCCP also produces metallic lithium for catalysts and batteries, and granulated lithium chloride. It uses a photo-ionisation process (AVLIS) to separate Li-7 from Li-6, producing pure lithium hydroxide monohydrate suitable for nuclear power use. It has also developed a process that produces Be-7 for nuclear medicine.

The Properties And Preparation of Gallium Oxide Powder

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Gallium oxide Inorganic compound Ga2O3 has the chemical formula. It is also called gallium trioxide. A wide bandgap semiconductor, with Eg=4.9eV. Excellent electrical conductivity, light-emitting properties, and can be used as a chemical detector for O2.

The Properties Of Gallium Oxide

Gallium oxide is composed of white triangular crystals. Although it is not soluble, it is easily soluble with alkali metal hydroxides, dilute acids, and hot acid solutions.

Gallium trioxide (III oxide) is the most stable oxide of gallium. It can be made by heating metal gallium to oxidize or by calcining galium hydroxide at 200-250degC.

Ga2O3 is capable of reacting with many metal oxides when heated. The crystal structure has been determined for gallate M(I),GaO2 formed by the alkali-metal oxide reaction above 400°C. The same as Al2O3 and Ln2O3, this material can be obtained by a reaction between MgO and ZnO.

Preparation and Use of Gallium Oxide

1. Add a highly-concentrated hot aqueous NaHCO3 into the hot aqueous gaCl3 trichloride solution and boil for a few minutes until all gallium hydroxides have precipitated. After washing the precipitate in hot water, calcinate it at 600degC until no Cl- remains. If NH4Cl still remains, at 250degC it will react to Ga2O3 and generate GaCl3.

2. This is a method to prepare high purity galium oxide. Use high-purity Ga metal as anode. Dissolve it in a H2SO4 solution of 5-20%, add ammonia, cool and crystallize Ga (NH4)(SO4)2, before drying it at 105degC. When there is excess oxygen in the air, burning at 800degC and for 2h will yield a 99.99%-99.9999% pure product.

3. The solution should be concentrated until it is close to crystallization. When this happens, the solution can be transferred to a large evaporating plate and dried. Burn the Ga(NO3)3 that has been evaporated in a muffle-furnace. The temperature must be maintained at 550°C for 5 hours. After cooling, the final product is removed to yield 1.2kg of highly pure gallium oxide.

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Canada found that silicon nanoparticles can increase the storage capacity of lithium batteries by 10 times

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There are abundant reserves of silicon. Si and Li can be combined to form a Li4.4Si, with a theoretical specific energy of 4200mAh/g. That is almost 10 times more than the lithium-ion that is absorbed by the widely used lithium batteries. In the present day, silicon materials are used in lithium-ion cells mainly for two reasons. One way is to add nano-silicon to anode materials to create a carbon-silicon anode. To improve the performance, organosilicon compounds can be added to the electrolyte.
The University Alberta created a new generation silicon-based lithium battery

Jillian Biriak and her team at the University of Alberta (Canada) discovered recently that molding silicon in nano-sized particle helps prevent it breaking.
Nano-silicon can be defined as crystalline particles of silicon that have a diameter less than five nanometers. It is a very important non-metal, amorphous substance. Nano silicon powder is non-toxic, odorless, has small particle sizes, uniform distributions, large specific surfaces, high surface activity and low bulk density. Nano-silicon can have a variety of uses: It can be mixed under high pressure with a diamond to produce silicon carbide-diamond materials that can be cut with, or combined with graphite material to form silicon carbon composite materials. The negative electrode material in lithium-ion cells increases their battery capacity.

The team studied and tested four sizes of nanoparticles of silicon to determine which size would maximize its advantages while minimizing the disadvantages. They are evenly dispersed in a highly conductive graphene-carbon aerogel with nanopores that compensates for the low conductivity silicon.

After multiple cycles of charge and discharge, they found that particles as small as one part per meter showed the most stability. This eliminates the limitations of using silicon for lithium-ion cells. This discovery may lead to the development of a battery with ten-times the capacity of existing lithium-ion ones. The research findings were published in the journal Materials Chemistry.


The lithium battery industry’s chain of silicon anode sales worth tens or hundreds of millions of dollars


This research can be applied in many fields, including electric vehicles. The batteries will become lighter, travel longer and charge faster. Next step will be to create a method that is faster and cheaper to produce silicon nanoparticles. This will make it easier for industrial production.

Other than new energy vehicles, the need for lithium-ion battery with higher energy and power density is also present in the areas of energy storage and ships. The positive electrode is now made from high-nickel ternary material, while the negative electrode is made of silicon and its Composite material.

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Nickel Chemical Name

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The element nickel occurs naturally as a metal in many different compounds. It has a wide range of properties and is used in a variety of industrial applications. Nickel also has a wide range of oxidation states.

In compounds, nickel typically exists in the +2 oxidation state. Nickel oxide, NiO, is the ionic compound of nickel and oxygen. Nickel oxide adopts a NaCl structure with octahedral Ni2+ and O2- sites. This simple structure is commonly referred to as the rock salt structure. Like most binary metal oxides, it is often non-stoichiometric, meaning the Ni:O ratio deviates from 1:1. The stoichiometrically correct NiO is green, while the non-stoichiometric form is black.

ACUTE EXPOSURE: Nickel oxide can cause respiratory irritation. Chronic exposure may lead to nickel dermatitis, a type of skin irritation. It can also irritate the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Nickel oxide fumes are flammable and toxic when inhaled. Fires involving nickel oxide should be extinguished with dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguishers.

CHRONIC EXPOSURE: This substance has been shown to be a human carcinogen. It can also induce skin sensitization. It can induce asthma and bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways in the lungs). Nickel oxide has been reported to cause nickel toxicity in laboratory animals.

DATA SOURCES: 1. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository, Research Triangle Park, NC. 2. NTP Technical Report No. 506, 1993.

The contributions to PubChem from NTP and other sources are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

The Most Common Method of Producing Zirconia (ZrO2) Powder

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What is zirconia

Zirconium Dioxide has the chemical formula ZrO2. It is zirconium’s main oxide. Normal conditions result in a white, tasteless and odorless crystal. It’s insoluble with water, hydrochloric or dilute sulfuric acid. Chemically, it is inactive. Its properties include high melting point and resistivity, as well as high refractive indices and low thermal expansion coefficient.

Plasma method

A gas is ionized significantly when heated to 3000degC and nearly completely by 5500degC. The electron flow can cause a gas to reach high temperatures when heated by resistance under an electric field. Plasma is the name given to this highly dissociated and thermally conductive gas. Plasma cannot be produced by heating the gas. Rather, it is generated through arc discharge. A plasma spray gun is the easiest plasma generator. In order to generate plasma, two electrodes are connected with a direct-current voltage. At the same time, an inert gas is passed (nitrogen argon helium, or their mixtures) between the electrodes. By using a high frequency current or a short circuit, a stable DC-arc is created between the two electrodes. This causes the gas to absorb energy, forming a high-temperature flame. The zircon fine-powder sent into flames is instantly decomposed to ZrO2 an SiO2, then SiO2 is evaporated and separated from ZrO2 in order to prepare and purify ZrO2.


The plasma-produced high-purity ZrO2 is a unique material. Plasma ZrO2 particles are spherical, whereas mZrO2 Crystals are very small. The practice has shown that ZrO2 crystalline materials formed at high temperatures are very active, and this is crucial for the production of high performance ceramic materials. Also, the plasma process is continuously being improved.


The ZrO2 high-purity produced can be adjusted to suit the customer’s needs. It has a maximum ZrO2 of 99.6% and a particle size above. The high-purity ZrO2 produced is white. If the ZrO2 level is low, then it will be pale yellow or yellowish brown. Stable zirconia tends to be pale yellow. All zirconia materials mentioned above are in monoclinic phases.


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The Property And Application of Bismuth Telluride

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What property does Bismuth Telluride have?

Bismuth telluride The molecular formula of the powder is Bi2Te3. Bismuth telluride, an indirect band gap semiconductor, has a bandgap of 0.145eV at room temperature, electron mobility of 0.135m2/(V*s) and hole mobility 4.4×10-2m2/ (V*s), and thermoelectric quality coefficient 1.6×10-3/K.
Bismuth Telluride is a dense material with a density 7.8587g/cm3 at a melting temperature of 585degC. It is bound with covalent and ionic bonds. Bismuth telluride exhibits the characteristics of a ‘topological insulator’, allowing electrons on its surface to move freely without losing energy.

Bismuth Telluride is prepared by the Bridgman Method, Zone Smelting Method, and Czochralski Method. Bismuth telluride, a semiconductor, has a good electrical conductivity and mediocre thermal conductivity.

How is Bismuth Teluride used?

Bismuth-telluride-based semiconductors have high performance thermoelectric conversion in the low- and mid-temperature range. These materials are widely used to control temperature and for local refrigeration in microelectronics. The applications of these devices are excellent in thermoelectric power generation and industrial waste heat recovery.

Through alloying, phonons scattering can improve to reduce thermal conductivity and carrier concentration to optimize the electrical performance. This will enhance the thermoelectric performance.

The dangers of ingesting large amounts of bismuth-telluride are low but it can still be fatal. The material is able to allow electrons on its surface to move at room temperatures without consuming energy, which can lead a significant increase in the operating speeds of computer chips.

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Let me introduce you to aluminum nitride

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Aluminum Nitride: Overview Aluminum nitride (Aluminum Nitride) is a non-toxic crystal that belongs to the hexagonal system.
How to make aluminum nitride
The carbothermic reduction technique involves heat treating aluminum oxide, or aluminum hydroxide between 1400-1800degC with nitrogen or ammonia and carbon as a reductant.
What are the uses of aluminum nitride
In the present, most research is aimed at developing a light-emitting device based on a semiconductor (gallium oxide or alloy aluminum gallium oxide) that operates under ultraviolet light and has a wavelength of 250 nanometers. Aluminum nitride has many uses in optoelectronics. It is used as a dielectric in optical storage interfaces, electronic substrates, chip carriers with high thermal conductivity and even for military purposes.
A surface acoustic-wave detector also uses epitaxial stretching due to the piezoelectric effects of aluminum Nitride. The detector will then be mounted on a silicon-based wafer. The thin film can only be manufactured reliably in very few places.
It has good thermal conductivity and a low expansion coefficient. It can also be used to make heat exchangers for high-temperature structural components.
Aluminum nitride can resist corrosion to iron, aluminum, and other metals. It can also be used as a casting mold for melting metals including Al, Cu Ag and Pb.

How to package and ship aluminum nitride flakes
You can also find out more about P ACKAGE
Vacuum packaging is used for powder packaging. There are 4 general specifications: 100g, 500g, 1kg/bag and 25kg/barrel. You can package it according to your specific needs.

Rapid inactivation SARS-CoV-2 using silicon nitride and copper and aluminum nitride
Silicon nitride has successfully inactivated SARS CoV-2. The surface release of disinfectants that contain nitrogen is the mechanism. Copper and aluminum nitride are both effective at inactivating viruses. Although the first compound affects the cells, the second compound has a toxic effect. It is necessary to conduct further research to confirm these findings, and to investigate whether silicon-nitride may be incorporated in personal protective gear and on surfaces that are frequently touched as a way to inhibit virus persistence and disease spread.

China’s sensor industry will benefit from aluminum nitride ceramic substrate
In microelectronics the smaller the size of an integrated circuit is, the better it performs. The Internet of Things is also deployed when the sensor size of the system is smaller. It is easier to use and performs better. The hardware requirements for this are also higher. Its core is the chip sensor. Currently, China has a small number of large-scale manufacturers, mostly medium-sized ones. Chip materials consist primarily of FR-4 substrates or aluminum substrates. Aluminum nitride-ceramic substrates were used extensively in developed countries. Aluminum nitride Ceramic Substrates have a higher thermal conductivity and a greater insulation capacity. Sensor manufacturers from around the globe have made them their jewel.

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The Knowledge of Ceramic Powder Properties And Ceramic Powder Applications

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Ceramic powder A heterogeneous material composite composed of metals, alloys, and one or multiple ceramic phases.
Cermets are usually ceramic phases of high melting point oxides, such as Al2O3, ZrO3, beO, and MgO. ), nitrides (TiN, BN, Si3N4, etc. ), carbides (TiC, WC, etc. ), borides (TiB2, ZrB2, etc.) The metal phase consists mainly of Ti and Cr. It can also include other metals such as Co, Ni and Fe.

According to the type ceramic phase, Cermets are divided into oxide-based (or carbide-based), carbonitride base, boride base, graphite or diamond carbide-based.

Ceramic Powder Properties

As a high temperature material between high temperature alloys and cermic materials, ceramic powder combines both the toughness and plasticity (of metals) and the melting point, corrosion and wear resistance (of ceramics).

It is extremely resistant against high temperatures. The strength of ceramic powder can be maintained at 1200degC and above without deteriorating. It won’t melt when heated and will decompose at 1900degC. It has an amazing chemical resistance, and is also a high-performance electrical insulating material.

Applications for Ceramic Powder

1. Aerospace
Aerospace cermets offer a lot of potential for further development, due to the harsh environment and technical requirements, such as high temperatures, wear resistances, high strength and stability. Ceramic powder can be used in the manufacture of stationary rings and valves for aerospace or aviation engines. It has excellent abrasion and high-temperature resistance.

2. Manufacturing and Processing Fields
The ceramic powder’s high hardness and wear resistance, as well as its good toughness and oxidation resistance, make it an indispensable material in manufacturing, processing and especially for measuring and cutting tools.

3. Other areas
In addition to the high temperature and corrosion resistant ceramic powders used in metallurgy, the wear-resistant and high temperature resistant parts are used in machinery and electronics industries.

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Use the junction of collinear nickel oxide insulators to generate spin-polarized current

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Nickel oxide overview Compounds with the chemical name NiO are compounds containing nickel (II). It is the principal oxide of Nickel. Nickel oxide, a thermally stable, highly insoluble source of nickel, is suitable for applications such as glass, ceramics, and optics. Nickel oxide, the main nickel oxide, is a green solid. Every year, millions of kilos of nickel oxide powder (NiO), which is 99.999% pure in nature are produced. Oxide doesn’t conduct electricity.

Nevertheless, certain oxides of the perovskite structural have conductivity on the cathodes for solid oxide fuel cell and oxygen generation systems. Compounds containing one or more metal cations and at least one oxygen ion. These compounds are stable and insoluble in aqueous solution (water). They can be used for ceramic structures and even for the production of simple clay bowls to house advanced electronic devices.

Metal oxides react with acids, strong reducing substances and redox agents. Nickel oxide can be produced as powders, particles, sputtering sputtering, tablets, or nanopowders. Nickel oxide can usually be obtained immediately in many cases. Nickel oxide in high purity, nanopowder and submicron forms are possible.

What uses does nickel oxide have?
Nickel oxide can be used for electrical ceramics like thermistors or varistors. As a ceramic, glass and glaze pigment, ferrite (nickelzinc ferrite), can be used.
NiO can be used for a number of professional purposes. In general, “chemical grade” is distinguished from “metallurgical quality”. Chemical grade is a relatively purified material that is used in special applications. Metallurgical grades are primarily used to create alloys. It is used by the ceramics industry to make glass, enamel and ferrite. It is used in the production of nickel steel alloys. Charles Edouard Guillaume received the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics in recognition of his research on nickel steel alloys he called Invar or Irenevar.

NiO, or hole transport material, is used in thin-film photovoltaic cells. NiO is also a part of nickel-iron battery (also called Edison batteries) as well as a fuel cell component. It is also the precursor to many nickel-iron batteries (also known as Edison batteries) and a component of fuel cells. NiO has been used for many years to produce NiCd rechargeable battery used in electronic devices. In complementary electrochromic devices, NiO is used as anode electrode instead of tungsten dioxide (cathode electrode).

About 4,000 tons of chemical-grade NiO are produced annually. Black NiO, formed from mineral acid treatment, is the precursor to nickel sal. NiO can be used as a hydrogenation catalyst.

The reduction of nickel oxide to metallic Nickel can be achieved by heating with hydrogen or carbon. When heated to high temperatures (>700degC), nickel oxide can be combined with sodium and potassium oxides to produce nickelates.

Is nickel oxide soluble in water?
Nickel oxide dissolves in ammonium hydroxide, potassium cyanide, and acid. It is insoluble with hot and cold water as well as a caustic solution.

Use collinear nickel-oxide insulators in conjunction to generate spin polarized current

The antiferromagnetic material has shown great promise in spintronics because it is resistant to magnetic field disturbances. It also does not produce stray fields and exhibits ultra-fast dynamic. It is still very difficult to create and manipulate spin-polarized ions in these materials due to their symmetry. Nickel oxide can help overcome the limitation.
We have constructed a prototype junction consisting of a gold-nickel-gold-gold junction, in which a collinear nickel oxide insulator can destroy the spin sublattice symmetry using an external bias voltage. A system like this demonstrates spin-polarized currents when it induces non-equivalent transmittal of spin up and spin down currents.

Zhang Xianmin said, “Due the symmetry of spin sublattice it was long believed that spin polarized current could not be achieved in collinear materials.” We demonstrate that by applying a bias voltage to the antiferromagnetic antiferromagnetic, the spin sublattice symmetry can be broken, resulting in a spin-polarized magnetic current.
This work provides an improvement to the large mismatch in resistance, which prevents the small spin injection into the semiconductor from the metal electrode. This will make it simpler to combine spintronics with semiconductor electronics.
By changing the bias voltage, the team could not only adjust the amplitude but also the direction of spin polarization. The system can achieve 80% positive spin-polarization by using a bias voltage around 0.9 Volts. However, negative spin-polarization requires 1.6 Volts.
Zhang hopes that his findings will pave a way for new antiferromagnetic spinning devices and hopes to explore further the manipulation of these materials.
Nickel oxide – acid or alkaline
Unless stated otherwise, the data provided on materials is at standard conditions. (at 25degC, 77degF) and 100kPa. Nickel hydroxide, also known as NiO(OH), is an inorganic chemical compound. It is an insoluble black solid that will not dissolve in any solvents. However, it can be attacked with alkalis or acids.

Is nickel oxide magnetic?
The solution-growth method is used to produce branched nanocrystals of nickel oxide with a narrow size distribution. The magnetic characterization results show that NiO Nanocrystals less than 12.8 nm in size exhibit a weak ferromagnetic phase at room temperatures due to spins which are not compensated.

UiTM electrical engineers’ innovative nickel oxide nano carnation packaging won the MTE 2020 gold award and International Merit Award.

A Malaysia Technology Expo (MTE 2020) gold medalist was the electrical engineering lecturer from Teknologi MARA University Malaysia. Their project is titled “Humidity Sensing Based on New Nickel-Oxide Nano-Carnation Synthesized By Low-Temperature Infusion Method”. Dr. Assoc. Mohamad Hassan Mamat was also awarded the International Merit Award at the 2020 Malaysia Technology Expo.

The present invention proposes a manufacturing method for a cheap humidity sensor that is based on nickel-oxide nanostructures. The sensor produced has a high sensitivity for water molecules or humidity. You can manufacture sensors using the solution-immersion method at low temperatures.

MTE has been held annually in Malacca Malaysia since 2001. It is now one of the largest international invention shows. This year MTE is being managed by PROTEMP Group and University of Malacca Malaysia. SIRIM Tech Venture Sdn Bhd. It is the subsidiary of SIRIM Berhad that provides commercial service for innovations that are generated through research and development activities (R&D). Over 500 local and foreign inventions were displayed over the course of the three day exhibition.

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Physical properties of silicon carbide powder pellet binder

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The binder for silicon carbide is made from white polymer, with a mere 1% addition. It improves the hydrophilicity and has a strong bonding function with silicon carbide raw material. Quartz sand, coke and anthracite are used as raw materials to make silicon carbide. It is then melted at a high temperature in the resistance furnace. Purity and particle size are important factors for the silicon carbide (SiC) to enter furnace raw materials. If not, it will cause problems like poor gas permeability in the furnace charge or incomplete reaction between C and SiO2. In order to avoid the problem of too fine raw materials being fed into the furnace, the charge must be enriched with a high purity binder. This is then processed into smelting granules. It is used in the smelting process of silicon carbide. This helps to improve the gas permeability, finish the reaction of C with SiO2, and reduce emissions. This is the most effective way to reduce costs.
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