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The Preparation and Application of Nanoparticles

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What are nanoparticles, and how are they used? Nanoparticles The use of ceramic coatings in solar cells, scratchproof eyeglasses (and other products) is increasing.

What is a Nanoparticle?
Nanoparticles or ultrafine particles are defined as a matter particle that has a diameter of between 1 and 10 nanometres. The term is also used to refer to larger particles (up 500 nm) or fibers or tubes with a diameter less than 100nm in just two directions.

What is the effect of nanoparticles in the body on health?
Inhalation of a substance can cause adverse reactions Nanoparticles Inflammation of the lungs and heart problems are possible. Human studies show that breathing soot triggers a generalized inflammatory response, and changes the system which regulates involuntary cardiovascular functions such as heart rate control.

What are examples nanoparticles of?
There are two types of nanoparticles: hard (e.g. titania, silicon dioxide, fullerenes), and soft (e.g. liposomes.
Some of the most common food products that contain nanotechnology are candies (M&M’s and Skittles), plastic containers, and baby bottles.

Nanomaterials also have many applications in medicine and bioengineering.Targeting drugs with nanometer magnetic materials as drug carriers have been successfully developed, which are called “biological missiles”.In other words, drugs are carried on the protein surface coated by magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, injected into human blood vessels, and delivered to the lesion site through magnetic navigation to release drugs, which can reduce the side effects caused by drugs in the liver, spleen, kidney, etc.The information of various biochemical reactions and electrochemical information can be obtained by using nanosensors.Nanoparticles can be used as a nano robot, into the person’s blood, to human body health checks, dredge in cerebral thrombosis, remove fat deposits in the heart arteries, viruses, and even can eat kill cancer cells, etc., can be predicted that with the development of the preparation of nanometer materials technology development and function, there will be more and more new nano material has been widely used in many high-tech fields.

The growth of gold nanoparticles within tumors can help fight cancer
In many studies, gold has shown to be effective at fighting cancer. Researchers have developed a method to grow gold nanoparticles within cancer cells. They can aid in imaging, and they can even be heated to kill the tumours.

Previously, nanotubes, gold nanostars and other nanoparticles were used to battle cancer. However, one of the major challenges is getting these nanoparticles inside tumors. They can be equipped with peptides which hunt down the cancer or they can sneak inside by attaching themselves to white blood cell.
Researchers found that they could grow gold inside cancer cells. This method is quicker and doesn’t need as much gold.

The team used PEG as a vehicle for ionic Gold, which is basically gold salts dispersed in a liquid. When the acidic cellular environment is exposed to this, it converts the ionic gold into plasmonic gold particles. The team claims that this can be done in just 30 minutes. It is much faster than traditional treatments which take up to 24 or more hours.

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The Properties And Application of Magnesium oxide

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What is Magnesium oxid?
Magnesium oxide, also known as MgO or magnesium oxide, is an inorganic material with a chemical composition of an ionic compound. At room temperature it is a white solid. Magnesium oxid exists in nature under the form of periclase. It is used as a raw material in magnesium smelting.

Magnesium dioxide is also commonly known as magnesia, or bitter soil. Magnesium is an alkaline, or oxidizing oxide. It has similar properties and is a material that gels. A typical alkaline metal oxide with the chemical formula MgO is white powder (light yellow in case of magnesium nitride). It has no odor, no taste, and is non-toxic. White powder. The melting point of this material is 2852. Its boiling point is 3600. The relative density is 3,58 (25). Insoluble in alcohol and insoluble in acid or ammonium-salt solution. The solubility is 0.00062g/100mL (0 degC).

The two main types are light magnesium oxide (LMO) and heavy magnesium dioxide (HMO). Amorphous white powder that is light and bulky. It is non-toxic, non-odorous and has no taste. It has a density of 3.58g/cm3. It is only slightly soluble when mixed with pure water, organic solvents and water. The presence of carbon dioxide makes it more soluble. It can be dissolved by acid or ammonium-salt solution. After burning at high temperatures, it becomes crystals. When there is carbon dioxide present in the air, double magnesium salts are formed. The white or beige powder is compact and has a large volume. It is easy for it to mix with water and absorb moisture as well as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Mixing magnesium chloride solution with the gel is very easy.
Due to the industrialization upgrade as well as the development and demand of the high technology functional material market, several high-tech and fine products of magnesium oxide have been developed. They are mainly used in high quality lubricants and food grade.

Magnesium Oxide:

High Purity Magnesium oxide

High purity magnesium dioxide has excellent electrical insulation and alkali resistance at high temperature. The high thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient have good light transmission. High temperature and heat resistant material widely used. It is used in the ceramic field as a material for light transmitting ceramic crucibles or substrates. In the electrical and electrical fields it is used for magnetic fillers, insulating materials fillers, and various carriers. It is used as a ceramic substratum, where it has a thermal conductivity that is two times greater than Magnesium dioxide, with tenths of the loss in electrolyte. The raw material can be used for making high-purity fuses magnesia and it can be used chemically to make “analytical purity” magnesium oxide.

nanoscale

Application field: The effect of nano-scale magnesia oxide is visible in its small size. It also has a surface effect. The agglomeration effect is eliminated after modification. It has a wide range of special functions, such as in optics and magnetism. The material has many applications and a broad range of prospects. Nano-magnesium is used widely in electronics, catalysis products, ceramics, oils, coatings etc. In different products they have different functions. The different products they are used in have different roles.

With the growing demand for high performance flame-retardant fabrics, synthetic flame-retardants offer the ideal material for the development and production of functional textiles. Nano-magnesium dioxide is commonly used with wood chips or shavings in the production of refractory materials, such as light weights, heat insulations, sound insulations, refractory board, and cermets. Nano-magnesium Oxide is nontoxic, odorless and contains a low amount of additive compared to some traditional organic flame retardants containing phosphorus or halogen. It is the perfect additive to develop flame-retardant fabrics. The nano-magnesium used in fuels has the ability to clean, inhibit corrosion and have a good application in coatings.

Magnesium oxide is widely used for semiconductor electronic packaging because of its excellent properties in terms of electrical, mechanical and thermal properties.

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Iron Oxide Fe3O4 Powder Properties And Preparation

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Iron oxide Fe3O4 is an inorganic material with a chemical composition of Fe3O4. The magnetic black crystal is called magnetic iron dioxide.

Iron Oxide Fe3O4 Powder Properties

Ferric oxide cannot be dissolved in organic solvents, such as water or alkali solutions. Natural ferroferric dioxide is insoluble when dissolved in acid. It is readily oxidized in the humid air to iron oxide (Fe2O3).
The black Fe3O4 is an iron oxide with mixed valence, melting at 1597degC. It has a density of 5,18g/cm3. Fe3O4 Powder is insoluble with water but soluble with acid solutions. At room temperature, it appears as magnetite. It has a high conductivity and strong submagnetism.

Fe3O4 exhibits anti-corrosion properties. In the case of bluing steel parts, also known as baking blue and blue-burning, an alkaline oxidizing liquid is used to produce a blue-black Fe3O4 coating on the surface. It is used to improve corrosion resistance, aesthetics and gloss.

Iron Oxide Fe3O4 Powder Preparation

The main methods used to prepare nano-Fe3O4 are the hydrothermal method (solvothermal method), microemulsification and sol-gel.

1. Precipitation methods
The precipitation process is widely used to prepare nanoparticles because it is easy, inexpensive, yields a high purity product, has a uniform composition, is suitable for mass production, and can be done at large scales. The most common precipitation methods are co-precipitation and hydrolytic precipitation. Ultrasonic precipitation is also used, as well as alkoxide hydrogenation and chelate breakdown.

2. Hydrothermal (solvothermal method)
Hydrothermal reaction (solvothermal reaction) is the general term used for chemical reactions which are carried out under high pressure and temperature in fluids, such as aqueous (organic) solvents or steam. The Fe3O4 obtained by the hydrothermal process has a particle size that is small and uniform, it does not need high-temperature pretreatment to calcinate, and it can be doped with multivalent ions.

3. Microemulsification method
The microemulsification technique is a method of forming an emulsion from two immiscible solutions under the influence of surfactants. In this process, amphiphilic molecule divides the medium in tiny spaces that form a small reactor, where the reactants are able to react and form a solid. The microreactor limits the nucleation, growth of crystals, coalescence, agglomeration processes, so that nanoparticles are formed with a surfactant layer and a certain structure and morphology.

4. Sol-gel method
This method is based on the hydrolysis and oligomerization of metal alkoxides, which produces a uniform solution of metal oxides or hydroxides. The gel that results from this process can be concentrated into a clear liquid. The gel is dried, and then heat-treated in order to produce superfine powder.

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Clinical Application of Nitinol Memory Alloy

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What is Nitinol Memory alloy?

Nitinolis a shape memory metal, which is an alloy that automatically returns to its original shape when heated. It has an expansion rate of over 20% and a fatigue life up to 1*10 in the 7th order. Its damping characteristics are ten times greater than those of ordinary springs. Memory alloy has many other outstanding characteristics, including wear resistance and corrosion resistance. It also offers super elasticity.

Nitinol Memory alloy in Clinical Applications

Nickel-titanium extension and push springs are used for orthodontics. Super-elastic, they are ideal for orthodontic treatments to widen the gap in between teeth or pull teeth into different directions. The nickel-titanium spiral spring can generate about 50g of force when it is extended by just 1mm. Nickel-titanium coil springs possess high elastic properties, and they can produce a soft and stable force when in tension. The force is attenuated very little, producing the ideal orthodontic force needed to move teeth clinically. Meet physiological requirements. The tension spring made of Nitinol wire has high elasticity with a very low permanent deformation. The corrected force released by stainless steel wires of the same size is 3,5-4 times greater. When orthodontic treatment is applied, the patient does not only feel light pain but it also lasts a long time. Also, the treatment course is shortened and the therapeutic effect improved. It is a mechanical device that has been developed for the treatment of orthodontics.

It is used to align and level the dentition of patients as early as possible. Nitinol is the archwire of choice for the first arch in an orthodontic system due to its shape-memory properties and superelasticity. Silk can reduce patient discomfort. MBT’s straight wire arch correction technology uses 0.016″ heat activated alloy nickel titanium arch wire. The DEMON self-locking brace technology recommends heat activated copper-containing nickel titanium from Omcro. O-PAK correction uses 0.016″ super-elastic Nitinol Arch Wire (phase transition is around 40 degrees) for early alignment.


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What Are the Effects of Using Fused Silica Powder?

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Fused Silica Powder The material is high-quality fused sand crushed with a jet or vibration mill. Then it’s classified. Performance-wise, it is characterized by a small coefficient of expansion, low stress and chemical corrosion resistance. Fused silicon has low Radioactivity, and good electrical radiation.

Where is fused silicon used in industry and why?

The silica powder, when mixed with the hydration material, can form a solid gel. It will also react with alkaline materials such as magnesium oxide, forming a gel. The following functions can be played by mortar, refractory castables and silica dust in cement-based concret:

Fused silica powder improves corrosion resistance.

2. Fused silicon powder can be used to reduce concrete pumping resistance by preventing bleeding and segregation.

Concrete can be significantly improved by adding a layer of fused silica powder.

The fusion of silicon powder can be used to reduce the dust that falls on concrete and castables sprayed and to increase the thickness.

Fused silicon powder has been used in C150 Concrete Engineering as a key component for high-strength, lightweight concrete.

Use of fused silicon powder in concrete or low-cement castables can improve durability and reduce costs.

7.Fused Silicon Powder can effectively prevent concrete aggregate alkali reaction.

Castable refractories can be made more compact by adding fused silicon powder. The mullite is formed more easily when Al2O3 and silicon coexist. This improves the high temperature strength of refractory materials.

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Basic Properties, Synthesis and Typical Properties of Boron Carbide

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What is Boron Carbide?

Boron Carbide Powder belongs to the trigonal system. The unit cell contains 12 B and 3 C. The unit cell’s stereo diagonally connected C atoms are in an active configuration. They can be substituted by B atoms, forming a replacement solid and leaving the crystal lattice in order to form high-boron compounds.

B4C’s molecular weight is 52.25 with C21.74% (and B78.25%), is usually gray or black and has the following characteristics: density 2.519g/cm3, hardness Mohs 9.35, microhardness 49GPa. This powder is very efficient in grinding and can achieve 60%-70% the efficiency of diamond.


B4C Powder has a melting temperature of 2450°C (decomposition). The coefficient for expansion at 1000degC (4.5×10-6degC-1) is 4.5×10-6degC-1. Thermal conductivity is 62.79W/m*k for 100degC, and 121.4W/m*k for 700degC. B4C powder can be used primarily as an abrasive. B4C hot-pressed products are suitable for wear-resistant or heat-resistant parts. B4C has a wide range of applications in the refractory and refractory industries. It is often used as an anti-oxidant additive to carbon-bonded refractories. Unshaped materials enhance the body’s strength and resistance to corrosion.

The properties and synthesis of Boron Carbide

B4C powder is commonly synthesized by reducing boron anhydride and excess carbon.

2B2O3+7C-B4+6CO|


The synthesis reaction may be carried out either in an electric arc or a muffle oven. In a resistance-type furnace, the synthesis of B4C is better achieved by heating boron anhydride B2O3 with carbon C to a lower decomposition temperature than B4C. B4C is broken down into boron and carbon rich phase in the electric-arc furnace because of the high temperature. The reaction product may contain a lot of free C (20%-30%). As a result, the B4C obtained is of slightly inferior quality.


In order to synthesize B4C using an electric arc, boric acids (with a content greater than 92%), artificial graphite with a fixed carbon of greater than 95%, and petroleum coke with 85% fixed carbon are used. The theoretical dosage is calculated based on the reaction formula. The theoretical amount is approximately 2% higher. Each of artificial graphite and petroleum coke accounts for 50% of total carbon addition, which is then 3%-4% more than the theoretical amount. Add the three prepared raw materials to the arc and mix them in a ball-mill. B4C can then be obtained by carbonizing the furnace and reducing it between 1700 and 2300. Finaly, the frit will be sorted and cleaned, then crushed and ground. It will also go through a pickling process, sedimentation, classification and other processes to get B4C with different particle sizes.


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The Property And Application of Tungsten Oxide WO3 Powder

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What property does tungsten dioxide have?

Tungsten oxide The chemical formula of WO3 is a powdery light yellow triclinic crystal. The tungsten dioxide crystals become orange when the temperature exceeds 740degC. They return to their original state upon cooling. Tungsten dioxide powder is stable at air temperatures, with a melting and boiling point above 1750degC.
Tungsten Oxide is not soluble in water, nor in any inorganic acid other than hydrofluoric. In hot sodium hydroxide solution, WO3 can be dissolved with ammonia. When the temperature exceeds 650°C, it can be reduced with H2 and by C at 1000-1100°C to get tungsten.

How is tungsten dioxide used?

Tungsten dioxide is used in many ways every day. The tungsten oxide is commonly used to create tungstate. Due to the yellow pigments it contains, tungsten dioxide is used in ceramics and as a colorant.

The production of smart and electrochromic windows has used tungsten oxide. These windows are the glass with the electric switch, light transmission performance, and the applied voltage. Users can tint their windows by changing how much heat or light is being applied. Use of high-density, inert metals is another option. In the 2008-2009 war between Israel and Gaza Strip, the use of these explosives was more prominent.

Some tungsten oxide can be used to make chemical products like paints, coatings and catalysts in the petroleum industry. tungsten dioxide is an intermediary product. A large amount is used to produce metal tungsten or tungsten carbide powder, then used for the production of metal products.

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Do you know what indium phosphide does?

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What is InP’s full name? The full name is indium phosphide . Indium phosphide (also known as pitch luster) is a chemical material, consisting of dark gray crystals. It is made from metallic indium and phosphorus red in a tube of quartz and used as semiconductor material. Indium-phosphorus binary semiconductor InP is composed of both indium, and phosphorus. It has the same face-centered cubic (zinc-blende) crystal structure as GaAs, and most IIIV semiconductors.
Indium phosphide This binary semiconductor material is composed of phosphorus, indium. It has a face centered cubic (galena), crystal structure that is similar to gallium-arsenide, and most third and fifth group semiconductors.
InP has a faster electron speed than silicon or gallium arsenide, which are more commonly used as semiconductors.

Is InP ionic?
Consider GaAs, or InP. Both are classified as ions. It is possible to say that solid electronic structures are primarily composed of cations or anions.

What is the Definition of Semiconductors?
Any crystalline solid which has an intermediate conductivity (between a conductor, and an insulator) is referred to as a semiconductor. Semiconductors play a role in many electronic devices including transistors, diodes and integrated circuits.

How is InP powder made?
Indium phosphide can be produced through the reaction of white and indium. White phosphorus, which is a translucent waxy substance that turns yellow in the presence of light, is orange-colored crystalline solid. Indium phosphide may be obtained in the following ways: Both elements must be stored at 400degC.
Thermal synthesis is used to combine the elements purified by the thermal synthesis of the compound trialkylindium with phosphine. This occurs under high temperature and pressure.
To obtain the surface of nanocrystals made from indium-phosphide, an electrochemical etching procedure was carried out before observation under a scanning microscope.

Indium phosphide (InP) powder
Indium phosphide circuits are used to produce high-power, high-frequency electronics because the electron speed of indium phosphide semiconductors is faster than that in silicon and gallium arcsenide. Indium phosphide’s direct bandgap makes it suitable for optoelectronic engineering parts, such as diodes. Indium-phosphide substrates are also used for optoelectronics based on indium gallium arsenide.
INP is the base for three primary application areas including optoelectronics components, high speed electronic devices and solar devices. INP components can also be used to open up a range of electromagnetic spectrum between microwaves and infrared. The terahertz range is not fully utilized but it contains a combination of high-frequency electromagnetic waves and high optical properties.

Conditions of storage of InP powder
Moist clusters have an impact on the dispersion effect and the effectiveness of InP powder. Indium phosphide inP powder must be kept in a sealed vacuum package in a cool, dry environment. Indium-phosphide shouldn’t be exposed to the air. In addition, InP powder shouldn’t be used under any pressure.

The price is InP powder
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What is sodium oleate?

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Sodium oleate , alias sodium octadecenoate, cis-9-octadecenol, oleyl alcohol, cis-9-octadecenol, (Z)-octadecenol, olive oil, cis -9-octadecen-1-ol, 9-n-octadecenol, octadecenol. It’s an organic oil with the chemical formula C17H33CO2Na. It is the main constituent of olive oil soap and tallow soap. You can also make it by reacting oleic and sodium hydroxide. It is composed of two components, a base hydrophobic and one hydrophilic. It has excellent emulsification properties, good penetration and detergency and is easily soluble in hot water. It’s used as a fabric waterproofing agent and anionic surfactant. Basic Information on Sodium Oleate
English name: SODIUM OLEATE
Oleic Acid Salt (cis-Oleate)
CAS Number: 143-291
Molecular Formula: C18H33NaO2
Weight in Molecular Mass: 304.44300
Accurate quality: 304.23800
PSA: 40.13000
LogP: 4.77380

The properties of sodium oleate
Oxidizing
This can cause rancidity and oxidation in the air. It is due to the fact that oleic is oxidized. The double bond is broken, resulting in rancid substances such as nonanal. The corruption is accelerated by mixing in highly unsaturated chemicals.
Solubility
Dissolved in 10 times more water will foam and produce a viscous solution. The aqueous solutions is alkaline. Liquid becomes milky because of partial hydrolysis to insoluble acidic soap and sodium hydroxide. It is not hydrolyzed in ethanol. In about 20 times as much ethanol, it dissolves. It is nearly insoluble in petroleum ether and other organic solvants.
Hy-drolysis reaction: 2RCOONa+H2O=RCOONa*RCOOH+NaOH
Chemical Reaction
Reacts with other metal ions than alkali elements to produce metal salt precipitation.
Other properties
It is the nature of salt that it can’t be volatilized but can be dissociated in water into ions. Salt can be converted to hydroxy acid by adding mineral acids (strong acids). If the hot liquid soap is allowed to cool, it will not crystallize. It will instead form insoluble calcium-magnesium soap precipitates along with the calcium-magnesium salts found in hard water. The white powder has a density of 0.9 g/cm3, a melting point between 232 and 235degC, and if left cold will form insoluble calcium-magnesium soap precipitates. The boiling point is 359.999oC when diluted to 760mmHg. The flashpoint is 270.099oC. Incompatible to strong oxidizing agents. Storage conditions: -20oC.
Preparation Sodium Oleate
This is made by neutralizing sodium hydroxide in a solution of oleic acids and ethanol.
Use phenolphthalein to indicate the equivalence point. Once the equivalence is reached, the precipitated product can be diluted with 95% ethanol. sodium Oleate Filter out the soap. The crude product, which is obtained after removing the ethanol from the water and distilling it, can be used to recrystallize the precipitate if there is no precipitation.
Use of Sodium Oleate
1. Olive oil soap also contains tallow as its main ingredient.
2. Use as a food coating agents, for example, to coat the surface of fruits and vegetables. Can be combined with ethylene dioxide and high-boron fatty acids.
3. Mineral Processing, Waterproof Fabric
4. This product can be used in neutral and acidic solutions to prevent corrosion on aluminum and its alloys as well as iron, copper, or other metals.
5. As an anionic surfactant, it is also used as a fabric waterproofing agent.

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Introduction to The Preparation Methods of Titanium Carbide Powder

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Titanium carbide The light gray crystals are cubical and have a high degree of chemical stability. Titanium carbide reacts little with hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. However, it can dissolve in nitric, hydrofluoric, or aqua regia solutions, as well as in alkaline oxidation solutions.
Titanium carbide, a gray iron crystal with metallic luster that belongs to a simple cubic structure NaCl type, is a crystal of a cubic structure. The covalent bonding between the titanium and carbon atoms in TiC is equivalent to strong atoms. It has many properties similar to metals. These include high melting and boiling points, as well as hardness. Diamond is the only other material that can rival its hardness.

Titanium carbide has excellent thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. This powder is superconductive even at low temperatures. TiC can be used in a wide range of applications, including the production of heat-resistant metals, cemented carbides, antiwear materials, high temperature radiation materials, and high-temperature vacuum devices. There are many other applications in different fields.

Titanium carbid powder preparation methods:

As raw materials, titanium dioxide and carbon black are used.
The dry powder mixture of high-purity Titanium dioxide and Carbon Black is mixed proportionally and then pressed into a tube furnace in hydrogen using either a horizontal carbon furnace or a tube furnace vertical. At 1900-2300degC reduction to obtain block of TiC is performed, followed by pulverization for titanium carbide product. Or using carbon and sponge titanium as raw materials. Carbon and sponge Titanium (or Titan alloy, recovered titanium waste from carbide liquid solution) are fully mixed, heated to 1500-1700degC, in a highly-pure hydrogen stream.

Direct carbonization of Titanium Metal:
Titanium powder (reduced with sodium or decomposed by titanium hydride; less than 325 mesh), mixed with carbon-black, is molded and heated at 1500-17degC using a high-purity stream of hydrogen in order to infiltrate carbon. The reaction temperature, holding time and particle size are dependent on the type of material and performance.

Gas phase reaction method:
Hydrocarbons containing hydrogen (benzene and methane) are mixed into the steam of titanium chloride. After induction heating (or other methods), the steam is sent to deposit titanium carbide on the substrate. The reaction precipitates titania carbide on substrate. The precipitated form of titanium carbide differs depending on the reaction conditions.

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